科技文体的特点

科技文体特点与翻译科技文体的范畴•科技文体可以泛指一切论及或谈及科学和技术的书面语和口语，其中包括：1.科技著述、科技论文和报告、实验报告和方案；2.各类科技情报和文字资料；3.科技实用手册和操作规程；4.有关科技问题的会谈、会议、交谈的用语；5.有关科技的影片、录像等有声资料的解说词，等等。科技英语文体总貌•着重叙事逻辑上的联贯(Coherence)及表达上的明晰(Clarity)与畅达(Fluency)；避免行文晦涩，作者避免表露个人感情，避免论证上的主观随意性。•科技英语结构力求平易(Plainness)和精确(Preciseness)，忌用夸张、借喻、讥讽、反诘、双关及押韵等修辞手段。科技文体的一般特征•(1)无人称（Impersonal)•(2)语气正式,概念准确,名词多•(3)文体质朴,少修辞(Unadornedinstylistics)•(4)逻辑性强，连词多(StrictinLogic)•(5)专业术语多，表达各专业不同(ConcentratedinTechnicalTerms)1，无人称•It句型大量使用•Readingisaveryimportantlanguageskillforforeignlanguagelearners.Thesignificanceoflanguagelearningstrategiesinreadingcomprehensionisself-evident.2，语气正式,概念准确,名词多•1)Althoughthemajorityoftunnelconstructionprojectshavebeencompletedsafely,therehavebeenseveralincidentsinvarioustunnelingprojectsthathaveresultedindelays,costoverruns,andinafewcasesmoresignificantconsequencessuchasinjuryandlossoflife.•2)TheWorldHealthOrganizationestimatesthatfineparticulateairpollution(PM2.5)causesabout3%ofmortalityfromcardiopulmonarydisease,about5%ofmortalityfromcancerofthetrachea,bronchus,andlung,andabout1%ofmortalityfromacuterespiratoryinfectionsinchildrenunder5yr,worldwide.”3，文体质朴,少修辞•1)Likeanormaldiode,theLEDconsistsofachipofsemiconductingmaterialdopedwithimpuritiestocreateap-njunction.•2)TheCompleradoseisonetablettakenbymouthonceaday.Itshouldbetakenwithameal(e.g.,breakfastordinner).4，逻辑性强，连词、分词多•1)Whendischarging,lithiumisforcedoutoftheanode(+)andintothecathode(-),andduringchargingthereverseoccurs.•2）Itisgenerallythoughtthatseismicaccelerationvaluesundergroundarelessthanatthesurface,andthattherigidityofthesurroundingrockishighenoughtopreservetheshapeoftunnels.5，各专业义的术语多•Joint•Expansionjoint伸缩缝•Phalangealjoint指关节•Rockjoint岩石节理•Jointchamber电缆交接箱•Lowerlinkjoint下拉杆铰链•Bed•Roadbed路基•Saltbed盐层•Railbed钢轨底座•Shakerbed分离筛•Riverbed河床科技文章的句法特征•（１）在人称的使用上，强调文章的客观性，汉语中常使用“笔者”、“我们”、“本文”而不使用“我”来充当得出某一结论的主语；英语中则常使用Theauthorthinksthat…/Theauthorshaveinvestigated…/Thispaperillustrates…等句式。•（2）英语科技文章名词化结构用得多。•（3）时态变化不明显：汉语里的动词无时态变化。英语中叙述客观事实几乎千篇一律使用现在时。•（4）在语态方面，汉语中主动语态使用较多，而英语中，被动语态使用较多。•（5）汉语和英语的科技文章中，句子结构都较为复杂。科技汉译英的方法•1)名词化结构•2)被动语态的应用•3)运用特殊句型和长句1)名词化(Nominalization)广泛使用能表示动作或状态的抽象名词•“Scientificwritingdiffersgreatlyfromtheotherstylesinhavingahighlyproportionofnounphraseswithcomplexity…”(Quirk)•阿基米德最先发现固体排水的原理。Archimedisfirstdiscoveredtheprincipleofdisplacementofwaterbysolidbodies.比较：Archimedisfirstdiscoveredtheprinciplethatsolidbodiescoulddisplacewater.•合同双方令人满意地履行合同义务是拓展业务和扩大合作的前提。•A)ThatbothpartiesfulfilledtheContractsatisfactorilywillbethebasisforthedevelopmentofbusinessandfurthercooperation.•B)ThesatisfactoryfulfillmentoftheContractbybothpartieswillbethebasisforthedevelopmentofbusinessandfurthercooperation.名词连用（“扩展的名词前置修饰语”ExpandedNounPremodifiers）•可以有效地简化语言结构。•Illuminationintensitydetermination=determinationoftheintensityofillumination•照明强度测定•Powertransmissionrelaysystem=arelaysystemforpowertransmission•送电中继体系2)广泛使用被动语句根据英国利兹大学JohnSwales的统计，科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态。这是因为科技文章侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述，采用被动语态。科技英语常用句型及翻译定式•1,Itissupposedthat…•2,Itisreportedthat…•3,Itcanbeclearlyseenthat…•4,Itshouldbenotedthat…•5,Itmaybesafelysaidthat…•6,Itmustbestressedthat…•7,Ithasbeenprovedthat…•8,Itwasestimatedthat…•9,Itwillbeseenfromthisthat…•10,Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…•本文简要定性地讨论了一些基本概念。•Abriefqualitativediscussionofsomebasicconceptsispresentedinthispaper.•cf.Thispapergives/presentsabriefqualitativediscussionofsomebasicconcepts.回指释义策略在英语阅读理解中解释功能的研究•【Abstract】ThiscasestudyaimedtoexploretheuseofanaphoraresolutionstrategyinEnglishreadingcomprehension.Threeresearchquestionswereaddressedasfollows:(1)WhatobstaclesdoreadersmeetinEnglishreadingcomprehension?(2)WhatistherelationshipbetweenanaphoraresolutionandEnglishreadingcomprehension?(3)Howdoesanaphoraresolutionstrategytrainingpromotereaders’Englishreadingcomprehension?•3)运用特殊句型和长句•科技文章中经常使用若干特定的句型，从而形成科技文体区别于其他文体的标志。•1)It…that…句型；•2)其他固定结构：定义，比较,分类…•显然，润滑好的轴承，比不润滑的轴承容易转动。•Itisevidentthatawelllubricatedbearingturnsmoreeasilythanadryone.•和古庙正好隔河相对的那座宝塔据说是明代的建筑。•A.ThepagodathatstandsfacingtheancienttempleandisseparatedfromeachotherbytheriverissaidtohavebeenbuiltintheMingDynasty.•B.ItissaidthatthepagodajustacrosstheriverfromtheancienttemplewasbuiltintheMingDynasty.It作宾语•电子设备有着巨大威力和多种用途而被广泛应用，因而使理工科学生必须熟悉电子学的实用知识。•Thegreatpowerandversatilityofelectronicdevicesand,consequently,theirwidespreadapplicationmakeitimperativethatscienceandengineeringstudentsobtainaworkingfamiliaritywithelectronics.•2)其他固定结构：定义，比较,分类…•计算机可分为模拟计算机和数字计算机两种。Computersmaybeclassifiedintoanaloganddigital.•不锈钢是能抗腐蚀的合金。•Stainlesssteelisdefinedasanalloywhichresistscorrosion.•大型变压器的效率可以高达99%.•Largetransformerscanachieveefficienciesofasmuchas99%.长句•为了表述一个复杂概念，使之逻辑严密，结构紧凑，科技文章中往往出现许多长句。有的长句多达七八十个词，以下即是一例。•Theeffortsthathavebeenmadetoexplainopticalphenomenabymeansofthehypothesisofamediumhavingthesamephysicalcharacterasanelasticsolidbodyled,inthefirstinstance,totheunderstandingofaconcreteexampleofamediumwhichcantransmittransversevibrations,andatalaterstagetothedefiniteconclusionthatthereisnolumin