科技英语期中试题

108级全体同学，学院安排期中考试。通知如下：期中教学检查按照校历的时间安排，4月18日—4月29日为期中教学检查时间，所有课程要求进行期中教学检查。分院安排统一考试课程：08级高级英语（考试时间：4月27日下午）、09级综合英语（考试时间：4月20日下午）、10级综合英语（考试时间：4月20日下午）；其余的课程也必须进行期中考试，考核方式可采取开闭卷测验、专题报告、调查报告、小论文等多种形式。最后考试结束后，请老师把各个班的同学期中成绩做好登记。根据这一安排，科技英语采用开卷考试形式，每个班级的内容不同，但难度相当，量也基本相同，即翻译一篇文章，字数在3800-3900个字之间，翻译完之后，再用中文写300-500字左右的翻译评论。时间：4月30日前，以班级为单位，交班长处打包后，发给我，作为期末考试成绩，计入期末总评成绩，占总分的30%。各班的试题见附件。I.Direction:PutthefollowingpassageintoChinese(3479个单词)Mechanicalengineeringisadisciplineofengineeringthatappliestheprinciplesofphysicsandmaterialsscienceforanalysis,design,manufacturing,andmaintenanceofmechanicalsystems.Itisthebranchofengineeringthatinvolvestheproductionandusageofheatandmechanicalpowerforthedesign,production,andoperationofmachinesandtools.Itisoneoftheoldestandbroadestengineeringdisciplines.Theengineeringfieldrequiresanunderstandingofcoreconceptsincludingmechanics,kinematics,thermodynamics,materialsscience,andstructuralanalysis.Mechanicalengineersusethesecoreprinciplesalongwithtoolslikecomputer-aidedengineeringandproductlifecyclemanagementtodesignandanalyzemanufacturingplants,industrialequipmentandmachinery,heatingandcoolingsystems,transportsystems,aircraft,watercraft,robotics,medicaldevicesandmore.MechanicalengineeringemergedasafieldduringtheindustrialrevolutioninEuropeinthe18thcentury;however,itsdevelopmentcanbetracedbackseveralthousandyearsaroundtheworld.Mechanicalengineeringscienceemergedinthe19thcenturyasaresultofdevelopmentsinthefieldofphysics.Thefieldhascontinuallyevolvedtoincorporateadvancementsintechnology,2andmechanicalengineerstodayarepursuingdevelopmentsinsuchfieldsascomposites,mechatronics,andnanotechnology.Mechanicalengineeringoverlapswithaerospaceengineering,civilengineering,electricalengineering,andpetroleumengineeringtovaryingamounts.Applicationsofmechanicalengineeringarefoundintherecordsofmanyancientandmedievalsocietiesthroughouttheglobe.InancientGreece,theworksofArchimedes(287BC–212BC)deeplyinfluencedmechanicsintheWesterntraditionandHeronofAlexandria(c.10–70AD)createdthefirststeamengine.[2]InChina,ZhangHeng(78–139AD)improvedawaterclockandinventedaseismometer,andMaJun(200–265AD)inventedachariotwithdifferentialgears.ThemedievalChinesehorologistandengineerSuSong(1020–1101AD)incorporatedanescapementmechanismintohisastronomicalclocktowertwocenturiesbeforeanyescapementcanbefoundinclocksofmedievalEurope,aswellastheworld'sfirstknownendlesspower-transmittingchaindrive.Duringtheyearsfrom7thto15thcentury,theeracalledtheIslamicGoldenAge,therewereremarkablecontributionsfromMusliminventorsinthefieldofmechanicaltechnology.Al-Jazari,whowasoneofthem,wrotehisfamousBookofKnowledgeofIngeniousMechanicalDevicesin1206,andpresentedmanymechanicaldesigns.Heisalsoconsideredtobetheinventorofsuchmechanicaldeviceswhichnowformtheverybasicofmechanisms,suchasthecrankshaftandcamshaft.ImportantbreakthroughsinthefoundationsofmechanicalengineeringoccurredinEnglandduringthe17thcenturywhenSirIsaacNewtonbothformulatedthethreeNewton'sLawsofMotionanddevelopedcalculus.Newtonwasreluctanttopublishhismethodsandlawsforyears,buthewasfinallypersuadedtodosobyhiscolleagues,suchasSirEdmundHalley,muchtothebenefitofallmankind.Duringtheearly19thcenturyinEngland,GermanyandScotland,thedevelopmentofmachinetoolsledmechanicalengineeringtodevelopasaseparatefieldwithinengineering,providingmanufacturingmachinesandtheenginestopowerthem.[5]ThefirstBritishprofessionalsocietyofmechanicalengineerswasformedin1847InstitutionofMechanicalEngineers,thirtyyearsafterthecivilengineersformedthefirstsuchprofessionalsocietyInstitutionofCivilEngineers.[6]OntheEuropeancontinent,JohannVonZimmermann(1820–1901)foundedthefirstfactoryforgrindingmachinesinChemnitz(Germany)in1848.IntheUnitedStates,theAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers(ASME)wasformedin1880,becomingthethirdsuchprofessionalengineeringsociety,aftertheAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers(1852)andtheAmericanInstituteofMiningEngineers(1871).[7]ThefirstschoolsintheUnitedStatestoofferanengineeringeducationweretheUnitedStatesMilitaryAcademyin1817,aninstitutionnowknownasNorwichUniversityin1819,andRensselaerPolytechnicInstitutein1825.Educationinmechanicalengineeringhashistoricallybeenbasedonastrongfoundationinmathematicsandscience.Degreesinmechanicalengineeringareofferedatuniversitiesworldwide.InBrazil,Ireland,China,Greece,Turkey,NorthAmerica,SouthAsia,andtheUnitedKingdom,mechanicalengineeringprogramstypicallytakefourtofiveyearsofstudyandresultinaBachelorofScience(B.Sc),BachelorofScienceEngineering(B.ScEng),BachelorofEngineering(B.Eng),BachelorofTechnology(B.Tech),orBachelorofAppliedScience(B.A.Sc)degree,inorwithemphasisinmechanicalengineering.InSpain,PortugalandmostofSouthAmerica,whereneitherBScnorBTechprogramshavebeenadopted,theformalnameforthedegreeisMechanicalEngineer,3andthecourseworkisbasedonfiveorsixyearsoftraining.InItalythecourseworkisbasedonfiveyearsoftraining,butinordertoqualifyasanEngineeryouhavetopassastateexamattheendofthecourse.InAustralia,mechanicalengineeringdegreesareawardedasBachelorofEngineering(Mechanical).Th