沉积旋回与相分析1

沉积旋回与相分析SedimentaryCyclesandFaciesAnalysis刘建波个人信息Name:刘建波Office:新地学楼3423Tele.：62754151(O)，62755614(H)E-mail:[e-mail]Ftp:目的和要求以沉积相和沉积旋回为主线，重点讲授沉积学研究的基本概念、研究方法和最新进展教学目的–熟悉沉积相和沉积旋回的基本原理–掌握沉积相和沉积旋回分析的基本研究方法–分析沉积旋回的成因和控制因素–通过野外实习，学习野外工作方法教学计划沉积相基本知识4学时沉积旋回基本知识4学时陆相沉积旋回2学时浅海碳酸盐岩和蒸发岩沉积旋回4学时斜坡和盆地沉积旋回2学时讨论课I2学时海平面变化与沉积旋回4学时构造作用与沉积旋回2学时米兰柯维奇旋回与沉积旋回2学时生物地层学、年代地层学与沉积旋回2学时讨论课II2学时考试成绩平时课堂成绩20%讨论课I30%讨论课II50%FurtherReadingdeBoer,P.L.,andSmith,D.G.(eds.),1994,OrbitalForcingandCyclicSequences,BlackwellScientificPublications.Enos,G.,Ricken,W.,andSeilacher,A.(eds.),1991,CyclesandEventsinStratigraphy,Springer-Verlag.Schwarzacher,1993,CyclostratigraphyandtheMilankovitchTheory,DevelopmentsSedimentology,Volume52,ElsevierSciencePublishersB.V.,225pp.Weedon,GrahamP.,2003,Time-seriesanalysisandcyclostratigraphy:examiningstratigraphicrecordsofenvironmentalcycles.NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress,259pp.FurtherReadingMiall,A.D.,1997,TheGeologyofStratigraphicSequences,Springer-Verlag.Reading,H.G.(eds.),1996,SedimentaryEnvironments:Processes,FaciesandStratigraphy,BlackwellScience.Walker,R.G.,andJames,N.P.(eds.),1992,FaciesModels:Responsetosealevelchange,GeologcialAssociationofCanada.TeachingMaterialChapter1IntroductionofLithofaciesSedimentaryCyclesandFaciesAnalysisContents沉积学的三次革命基本概念–沉积相（Facies)–沉积环境（SedimentaryEnvironment）沉积模式及其建立方法沉积作用的主要控制因素沉积学的三次革命沉积作用的物理、化学过程–水动力沉积结构的统一理论Flow-regime概念沉积学的三次革命沉积作用的物理、化学过程–水动力沉积结构的统一理论–碳酸盐岩及其沉积过程理论→沉积模式BahamasBanksandthePersianGulf(Ham,1962)沉积学的三次革命板块构造学说纵向运动垂向运动沉积学的三次革命层序地层学–对于沉积环境和海平面历史各种配置的层序建造模型的详细研究；–层序产生机制的详尽探讨，特别是构造作用和轨道作用；–提高地层对比精度的尝试，进一步提高地质时间的精度，以用于检验全球绝对海平面变化模型。均一论突变说Contents沉积学的三次革命基本概念–沉积相（Facies)–沉积环境（SedimentaryEnvironment）沉积模式及其建立方法沉积作用的主要控制因素概念-沉积相和沉积环境Gressly（1838）:thesumtotalofthelithologicalandpaleontologicalaspectsofastratigraphicunit.Middleton(1973)：lithological,structuralandorganicaspectsdetectableinthefield.Thefaciesdefinitionisquiteobjectiveandbasedonthetotalfieldaspectoftherocksthemselves.概念-沉积相和沉积环境Selley(1976）–沉积相是沉积环境的古代产物–相是环境的物质表现TuckerandWright(1990)Faciesare--puredescriptivesenseenvironmentofdepositiondepositionalprocess概念-沉积相和沉积环境ReadingandLevell(1996)：Arockfaciesisabodyofrockwithspecifiedcharacteristics–Adistinctiverockthatformedundercertainconditionsofsedimentation,reflectingaparticularprocess,setofconditions,orenvironmentEachunitmustthenbeassignedtoafaciesbasedonobjectiveobservationandpossiblymeasurementContents沉积学的三次革命概念–沉积相–沉积环境沉积作用的主要控制因素沉积模式及其建立方法沉积模式及其建立方法ConceptsFaciesAssociationsArchitecturalElementsFaciesSuccessionsFaciesModelsFaciesAssociationsFacies:asmallscale-onlyafewmetresinthickness(Walker,1983)influencedbymanysmall-scalelocalfactorsambiguousenvironmentalinterpretationFaciesAssociationsFaciesassociations:groupsoffaciesgeneticallyrelatedtooneanotherandwhichhavesomeenvironmentalsignificance(Collinson,1969)=Architecturalelements(Allen,1983):buildingblocksofthevariousdepositionalsystems,threedimensionalgeometryofthefaciesassociationsFaciesAssociationsArchitecturalelementsarelargerscalecomponentsofadepositionalsystem.Theywillbemoregeneralinnature,lessinfluencedbylocalfactors,andhencemoreuniversalintheirapplication.FaciesSuccessionsFaciessuccession=Faciessequencecertainfaciespropertieschangeprogressivelyinaspecificdirection(verticallyorlaterally)Walther(1894)-thosefaciesandfaciesareascanbesuperimposedprimarilywhichcanbeobservedbesideeachotheratthepresenttime.FaciesSuccessionsAgradationaltransitionfromonefaciestoanotherverticallyAsharpbreakand/orerosionalsurfacebetweentwofaciesstratigraphicsequencesandallostratigraphicunitsFaciesmodel:three-dimensionalpictureofadepositionalsystemFaciesModelsConceptsFourmainusesoffaciesmodelsScaleoffaciesmodelsExternalcontrolsandfaciesmodelsConceptFaciesmodel:ageneralsummaryofagivendepositionalsystemExample:turbiditesandsubmarinefansCounterview:Ifyouhaveamorenihilisticviewoflife,theuniverseandeverything,thenyouhavetoadmitaninfinitenumberofenvironments,faciesandmodels(Anderton,1985)工作程序FourmainusesoffaciesmodelsAnorm（标准）–forpurposesofcomparisonAframeworkandguide–forfutureobservationsFindingsimilarinformationinanewexampleAnintegratedbasisforinterpretationforthesystemFourmainusesoffaciesmodelsAnorm,forpurposesofcomparisonNewexample=faciesmodelsimpleinterpretationNewexample≠faciesmodelquestion,newinterpreaton,modificationofmodelWithoutanorm,withoutunusualfeaturesFourmainusesoffaciesmodelsAframeworkandguide，forfutureobservationsFourmainusesoffaciesmodelsFindingsimilarinformationinanewexampleImportantapplicationforgoodsurfaceorsubsurfaceexplorationlimiteddatasaveunnecessaryexplorationguessworkFourmainusesoffaciesmodelsAnintegratedbasisforinterpretationforthesystemTheinterpretationwaspowerfulbecauseitwasbasedonthecombinedfeaturesofhundredsofbeds,notoneortwolocalexamples.FourmainusesoffaciesmodelsCountview:Anderton(1985)agreesthatamodelcanandshouldbeusedasaframeworkforfutureobservationsandasapredictivetool,butheisnotsocertain