法律英语课件.

LessonOneLegalSystemI.WhystudylegalEnglish?Readinglegalliteratureandtranslatinglegaldocuments;Enlargingvocabularyspecifictolaw;Improvingsuchskillsaslistening,speaking,readingandwritinginrelationtolaw.II.Whatwillbecoveredinthiscourse?LegalsystemJudicialSystemConstitutionAdministrativeLawCriminalLawCivilRightsLawContractLawTortLawPropertyLawCorporationLawInsuranceLawCommercialLawIII.Whatdowemeanby“law”?Ontheonehanditreferstotheestablishedrulesbyauthorityorcustom,regulatingthebehaviorofmembersofacommunity,country,etc.Ontheotherhand,thetermmeansthebodyofsuchrulesingeneral.IV.Whatarethemajorlegalsystemsintheworld?(1)CivilLawSystemTheterm“civillaw”(Continentallaw)andthebasisofthelawitselfarederivedoriginallyfromthelawofancientRome.Civillawisthepredominantsystemoflawintheworld.TodaymostWesternEuropeancountrieshavecivil-lawsystems,asdocountriesofLatinAmerica,mostAfricancountries,Japan,Thailand,andTurkey.Thelegalsystemsinmanycivillawcountriesarebasedaroundoneorseveralcodesoflaw,whichsetoutthemainprinciplesthatguidethelaw.ThemostfamousexampleisperhapstheFrenchCivilCode.(2)CommonLawSystemCommonlawreferstolawandthecorrespondinglegalsystemdevelopedthroughdecisionsofcourtsandsimilartribunals,ratherthanthroughlegislativestatutesorexecutiveaction.OriginatedinEngland,commonlawsystemhasnowbeenadoptedbycountrieslikeUnitedStates,Canada,Australia,NewZealand,Iceland,India,Pakistan,Malaysia,andSingapore.(3)MuslimLawSystemTheMuslimlegalsystemisanautonomouslegalsystemwhichisactuallyreligiousinnatureandpredominantlybasedontheKoran(古兰经).V.WhatischaracteristicofAmericanlegalsystem?TheAmericanlegalsystem,liketheEnglish,ismethodologicallymainlyacaselawsystem.CaseLaw:lawbasedondecisionsmadebyjudgesinearliercases.CommonLaw:Thecommonlawevolvedfromcustomandwasthebodyoflawcreatedandadministeredbytheking’scourts.Whenajudgedecidedanewprobleminacasebeforehim,thatdecisionwouldbefollowedinsubsequentcasesbyjudgesasalegalrule.EquityLaw:Howcouldpeopleobtainjustice,ifnotinthecommonlawcourts?Atfirstkingswouldconsiderthepetitions,butlaterthisworkwasdelegatedtooneoftheCouncilmembers.ThiswastheChancellor,whobecameknownastheKeeperoftheKing’sConscience.TheChancellordidnottrycriminalcases.Hedealtonlywithcivildisputesconcerning,forexample,mattersofpropertyandbreachesofcontract.Hesetouttodojusticeinthesecaseswheretheparties(peopleinvolvedinacase)wereabletoshowthatthecommonlawcourtswerenotableorpreparedtodojustice.ThelawthatwasappliedintheCourtofChancerywasknownasequity.普通法衡平法普通法专指英国在11世纪后由法官通过判决形式逐渐形成的适用于全英格兰的一种判例法。而衡平法是指英国在14世纪后对普通法的修正和补充而出现的一种判例法。VI.Glossarypubliclaw公法privatelaw私法commonlaw普通法civillaw罗马法,大陆法;民法caselaw判例法statutorylaw制定法equitylaw衡平法ProvisionsofOxford牛津条例writ令状writuponthecase本案令状courtofchancery衡平法院injunction强制令bindinginterpretation具有约束力的法律解释civilsuit民事诉讼action法律诉讼,诉讼行为VII.In-classActivitiesTask1:Workinpairstodiscusstheroleoflawinsociety(5minutes)Task2:WorkingroupstodiscusstheAmericanlegalsystem.(10minutes)VIII.HomeworkTopicsfororalpresentation:1.Americanhistory2.Developmentofcommonlaw3.EmergenceofequitylawLesson2LegalProfessionBackgroundLawyerJudgeProsecutorLawteacherLegalProfessionHarlanFiskeStone:SuccessfulNewYorklawyer;ProfessoroftheColumbiaSchooloflaw;AttorneyGeneraloftheUnitedStates;ChiefJusticeoftheUnitedStates律师教授院长司法部长首席大法官HarlanFiskeStone1872-1946Howdoyouunderstandthefollowingpointsaboutlawyers?(a)Lawyersmustbecultured.(b)Lawyersmustbekeenlyawareoftheworldinwhichtheylive,whatisrightaboutitandwhatiswrong.(c)Theymustbecompassionateandsensitivetohumanproblemsandweaknesses.(d)Lawyersmustbecourageousandwillingtorepresentunpopularcases.I.LegalprofessioninUKInEnglandthelegalprofessionisdividedintotwotypesoflawyers,calledsolicitors(事务律师)andbarristers（出庭律师）.barristersolicitorTheybotharequalifiedlawyers,buttheyhaveadifferenttraining:theytakedifferentexaminationstoqualify,andoncetheyhavequalifiedtheyusuallydodifferenttypesoflegalwork.Solicitorshavedirectcontactwiththeirclients.Inmostcases,barristersdonot.Inalmostallcases,aclientwhoneedstheservicesofabarristermustgofirsttoasolicitor,whowilltheninstruct,orbriefthebarrister.Manysolicitorsdealwitharangeoflegalwork,suchas:litigation,commercial,conveyancing,employment,family,immigration,licensing,probate,etc.Bycontrast,barristersaremainlylitigatorsorcourtroomlawyerswhoactuallyconductcasesincourt.Theyhaverightstoappearinanycourtintheland,andsobarristersarethoselawyerswhoappearinthemoredifficultcasesintheCrownCourt,theHighCourtandthevariouscourts.II.LegalprofessioninUSAInAmericathereisnoformaldivisionamonglawyersaccordingtofunction.Thelawyer’sdomainincludesadvocacy,counseling,anddrafting.律师美国LawyerAttorneyAttorney–at-lawCounselerCounseler–at-law英国Barrister诉讼律师大律师，出庭律师Solicitor非诉律师诉状律师，事务律师TheBarAssociation:Aprofessionalbodyoflawyers.Somebarassociationsareresponsiblefortheregulationofthelegalprofessionintheirjurisdiction;othersareprofessionalorganizationsdedicatedtoservingtheirmembers;inmanycases,theyareboth.IntheUS