新编简明英语语言学教程-第二版-戴炜栋3-Morphology

Chapter3MorphologyDefinition:Morphologyreferstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.OpenclasswordandclosedclasswordOpenclasswords----contentwordsofalanguagetowhichwecanregularlyaddnewwords,suchasnouns,adjectives,verbsandadverbs,e.g.beatnik（奇装异服言行乖僻的人,垮了的一代）(amemberoftheBeatGeneration),email,internet,“做秀，时装秀…”inChinese.Closedclasswords----grammaticalorfunctionalwords,suchasconjunction,articles,prepositionandpronouns.Morpheme（词素）--theminimalunitofmeaning---Wordsarecomposedofmorphemes.Wordsmayconsistofonemorphemeormoremorphemes,e.g.1-morphemeboy,desire2-morphemeboy+ish,desir(e)+ble3-morphemeboy+ish+ness,desir(e)+bl(e)+ity4-morphemegentle+man+li+ness,un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ity5-morphemeun+gentle+man+li+ness6-morphemeanti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ism（反对国家对教会不予承认论）AffixPrefix----morphemesthatoccuronlybeforeothers,e.g.un-,dis,anti-,ir-,etc.Suffix----morphemesthatoccuronlyafterothers,e.g.-ful,-er,-ish,-ness,-able,-tive,tion,etc.Freemorpheme&boundmorphemeFreemorpheme（自由词素）----isonethatmayconstituteaword(freeform)byitself,suchasbed,tree,sing,dance,etc.Boundmorpheme(粘着词素)----isonethatmayappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme.Theycannotstandbythemselves,suchas“-s”in“dogs”,“al”in“national”,“dis-”in“disclose”,“ed”in“recorded”,etc.Allomorph['ælə,mɔrf](词素变体)Somemorphemeshaveasingleforminallcontexts,suchas“dog,bark,cat”,etc.Inotherinstances,theremaybesomevariation,thatis,amorphememayhavealternateshapesorphoneticforms.Theyaresaidtobetheallomorphsofthemorpheme.e.g.TheindefinitenessmorphemeabaganappleEachoftheunderlinedpartiscalledanallomorphofindefinitemorpheme.e.g.Thepluralmorphememap----maps[s]dog----dogs[z]watch----watches[iz]mouse----mice[ai]ox----oxen[n]tooth----teethsheep----sheepEachoftheunderlinedpartiscalledanallomorphofpluralmorpheme.WordStructuresAroot（词根）isthatpartofthewordleftwhenalltheaffixes(inflectional&derivational)areremoved,e.g.“desire”in“desirable”,“care”in“carefully”,“nation”in“internationalism”,“believe”in“unbeliev(e)able”…N(noun)→V(verb)-Af(affix)e.g.teacher→teach-erDerivationalmorpheme&inflectionalmorphemeDerivationalmorphemes-派生词素---themorphemeswhichchangethecategory(grammaticalclassofwords),oraddsomelexicalmeaning,e.g.modern---modernize,length---lengthen,fool---foolish,order---reorder,agree---disagree,etc.Inflectionalmorphemes-屈折词素---themorphemeswhichareforthemostpartpurelygrammaticalmarkers,signifyingsuchconceptsastense,number,caseandsoon;theyneverchangetheirsyntacticcategory,neveraddanylexicalmeaning,e.g.a)number:tablesapplescarsb)person,tense:talk/talks/talking/talkedc)case:John/John’sMorphological（形态学的）rulesTherulesthatgoverntheformationofwords:ingeneral,Englishwordsareformedthroughsixways.Derivation/Affixation派生/词缀:toaddaprefixorasuffixtoawordoraroottochangeeitherthepartofspeechorthemeaning,orbothoftheoriginalword.e.g.play—replay,read----readerCompounding合成:puttingtwowordsorrootstogethertoformanewwordwithacertainsyntacticrelationshipwithinthenewlyformedworde.g.blackboard----Theboardisblack.ladylike---sbislikealady.*Conversion转化:tochangethepartofspeechofawordwithoutanychangeinitsform.e.g.anewcarpet-------tocarpettheroom*Abbreviation缩略Clippings:examination-----exam,influenza----fluAcronyms:FederalBureauofInvestigation---FBIBlendings:motorhotel----motel,breakfastlunch----brunch*Back-formation逆成eg.burglar----burgle,editor----edit*Jingles重叠e.g.inf.diner---din-dinSomepointsaboutcompoundsWhenthetwowordsareinthesamegrammaticalcategory,thecompoundwillbeinthiscategory,e.g.postbox,landlady（女房东）,icy-cold,blue-black…Whenthetwowordsfallintodifferentcategories,theclassofthesecondorfinalwordwillbethegrammaticalcategoryofthecompound,e.g.head-strong（固执）,pickpocket（扒手）…Compoundshavedifferentstresspatternsfromthenon-compoundedwordsequence,e.g.Themeaningofacompoundisnotalwaysthesumofthemeaningsofitsparts.Compare：1）Katefoundaredcoatinheraunt’scloset.2)KatefoundaRedcoatinheraunt’scloset.red‵coat（红外套）‵redcoat(英国军人)green‵house（绿色房子）‵greenhouse（温室）black‵bird（黑色的鸟）‵blackbird(画眉,燕八哥)hot‵dog(热的狗)‵hotdog（热狗）black‵smith‵blacksmith(铁匠)catch‵word‵catchword(时髦语)pig‵pen‵pigpen（猪舍）