chapter6-pragmatics

Chapter6：PragmaticsI.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:1.Bothsemanticsandpragmaticsstudyhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication2.Pragmaticstreatsthemeaningoflanguageassomethingintrinsicandinherent.3.Itwouldbeimpossibletogiveanadequatedescriptionofmeaningifthecontextoflanguageusewasleftunconsidered.4.Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningthecontextofuseisconsidered.5.Themajordifferencebetweenasentenceandanutteranceisthatasentenceisnotutteredwhileanutteranceis.6.Themeaningofasentenceisabstract,butcontext-dependent.7.Themeaningofanutteranceisdecontexualized,thereforestable.8.Utterancesalwaystaketheformofcompletesentences9.SpeechacttheorywasoriginatedwiththeBritishphilosopherJohnSearle.10.Speechacttheorystartedinthelate50’softhe20thcentury.11.Austinmadethedistinctionbetweenaconstativeandaperformative.12.Perlocutionaryactistheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention.II.Fillineachblankbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:13.P_________isthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.14.Whatessentiallydistinguishess_______andpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningthecontextofuseisconsidered.15.Thenotionofc_________isessentialtothepragmaticstudyoflanguage.16.Ifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesanu___________.17.Themeaningofasentenceisa_______,anddecontextualized.18.C________werestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andwerethusverifiable.19.P________weresentencesthatdidnotstateafactordescribeastate,andwerenotverifiable.20.Al_________actistheactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.21.Ani__________actistheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.22.Ac_________iscommitthespeakerhimselftosomefuturecourseofaction.23.Ane________istoexpressfeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstate.24.Therearefourmaximsunderthecooperativeprinciple:themaximofq_______,themaximofquality,themaximofrelationandthemaximofmanner.III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:25._________doesnotstudymeaninginisolation,butincontext.A.PragmaticsB.SemanticsC.SenserelationD.Concept26.Themeaningoflanguagewasconsideredassomething_______intraditionalsemantics.A.contextualB.behaviouristicC.intrinsicD.logical27.Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaning_________isconsidered.A.referenceB.speechactC.practicalusageD.context28.Asentenceisa_________concept,andthemeaningofasentenceisoftenstudiedinisolation.A.pragmaticB.grammaticalC.mentalD.conceptual29.Ifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesa(n)_________.A.constativeB.directiveC.utteranceD.expressive30.Whichofthefollowingistrue?A.Utterancesusuallydonottaketheformofsentences.B.Someutterancescannotberestoredtocompletesentences.C.Noutterancescantaketheformofsentences.D.Allutterancescanberestoredtocompletesentences.31.Speechacttheorydidnotcomeintobeinguntil__________.A.inthelate50’softhe20thecenturyB.intheearly1950’sC.inthelate1960’sD.intheearly21stcentury.32.__________istheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.A.AlocutionaryactB.AnillocutionaryactC.AperlocutionaryactD.Aperformativeact33.AccordingtoSearle,theillocutionarypointoftherepresentativeis______.A.togetthehearertodosomethingB.tocommitthespeakertosomething’sbeingthecaseC.tocommitthespeakertosomefuturecourseofactionD.toexpressthefeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstateofaffairs.34.Alltheactsthatbelongtothesamecategorysharethesamepurpose,buttheydiffer__________.A.intheirillocutionaryactsB.intheirintentionsexpressedC.intheirstrengthorforceD.intheireffectbroughtabout35.__________isadvancedbyPaulGriceA.CooperativePrincipleB.PolitenessPrincipleC.TheGeneralPrincipleofUniversalGrammarD.AdjacencyPrinciple36.Whenanyofthemaximsunderthecooperativeprincipleisflouted,_______mightarise.A.impolitenessB.contradictionsC.mutualunderstandingD.conversationalimplicaturesIV.Definethetermsbelow:37.pragmatics38.context39.utterancemeaning40.sentencemeaning41.constative42.performative43.locutionaryact44.illocutionaryact45.perlocutionaryact46.CooperativePrincipleV.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:47.Howaresemanticsandpragmaticsdifferentfromeachother?48.Howdoesasentencedifferfromanutterance?49.Howdoesasentencemeaningdifferfromanutterancemeaning?50.Discussindetailthelocutionaryact,illocutionaryactandperlocutionaryact.51.Searleclassifiedillocutionaryactintofivecategories.Discusseachofthemindetailwithexamples.52.Whatarethefourmaximsunderthecooperativeprinciple?53.Howdoesthefloutingofthemaximsgiverisetoconversationalimplicatures?54.WhichoftheConversationalMaximsisbeigviolatedinthefollowingconversation.A:Isheagoodteacher?B:Heisaveryhandsomebachelor.55.Whatarethesamenessandthedifferencebetweenthe