选修6-Unit5-Grammar

Unit5ThepowerofnatureGrammar现在分词作状语CHECKTHEANSWERSTOEX.1ONPAGE361.thequestionnaire2.alongside3.Thescientistswereevaluatingtheexperiment4.mademyway5.haspotential6.appointed7.equipment8.diagramCHECKTHEANSWERSTOEX.2ONPAGE36volcano,erupt,ash,lava,eruption,fountain,waves,absolute,burnedtotheground一.功能现在分词作状语往往和逻辑主语之间存在主动关系。现在分词作状语，常常用来表示原因、时间、方式、结果、条件、伴随状况等。1.作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句。Walkinginthestreet,Icameacrossanoldfriendofmine.=WhenIwaswalkinginthestreet,Icameacrossanoldfriendofmine.Seeingthosepictures,sherememberedherchildhood.2.作原因状语相当于一个原因状语从句，同时也可以转化为一个原因状语从句。NotknowingEnglish,hecouldn'tunderstandthefilm.Notknowinghisaddress,Ican'tsendthisbooktohim.BecauseIdon'tknowhisaddress,…3.作伴随/方式状语,可放于句首或句中。表示主语的另一个伴随的动作。Hesattherereadingabook.Laughingandtalking,thestudentswenttoschool.Hecamerunning.(方式）Theystoodthereforhalfanhourwatchingthestarsinthesky.Theystoodthereforhalfanhourandwatchthestarsinthesky.4.作结果状语表示必然的结果，通常放在主句后面中间用逗号隔开，有时为了突出结果，分词前加thus。Herhusbanddied,leavingherfourchildren.Shewassoangrythatshethrewthetoyontheground,breakingitintopieces.5.作让步状语，相当于一个让步状语从句Havingtriedmanytimes,hestillcouldn'tsucceed.尽管尝试了多次，但他仍未成功。Workingveryhard,hedidn'tfeelabittired.尽管拼命地工作，他却丝毫不感到疲劳。6.作条件状语，表示一种假设情况，相当于一个条件状语从句。Usingyourhead,youwillfindaway.(=Ifyouuseyourhead,youwillfindaway.)7.作评论性状语（悬垂结构）作为句子的独立成分来修饰全句，表明说话者的态度，观点等。generally/roughlyspeaking一般说来strictlyspeaking严格地说franklyspeaking坦率地说英语中习惯接-ing分词作宾语的常见动词：避免错过少延期avoidmissputoff建议完成多练习suggestfinishpractise喜欢想象禁不住enjoyimaginecan’thelp承认否定与嫉妒admitdenyenvy逃避冒险莫原谅escaperiskexcuse忍受保持不介意standkeepmind、常见的带介词to的短语，后接-ing或名词。admitto承认contributeto捐助、贡献getdownto着手做givewayto让位于keepto坚持、遵守leadto导致lookforwardto期待turnto求助于stickto坚持beequalto胜任的、等于pointto指向、表明seeto注意、处理beusedto习惯于devoteoneselfto献身于befamiliarto为…熟悉一些固定的-ing分词短语generallyspeaking（一般来说）,judgingfrom…（根据…来判断）,considering…（考虑到…）,talkingof…（谈到/提到…）Judgingfromhisaccent,hemustcomefromCanada.Consideringhowpoorhewas,wedecidedtolethimattendtheconcertforfree.“with/without+n.+-ing”结构在句中作状语，表示伴随情况或时间、原因等。Hishairbecamegreywiththeyearspassing.随着时间的推移，他的头发变花白了。Withfinal-examscoming,hefeelsverynervous.因为期末考试快到了，他感到很紧张。(1)V-ing所表示的动作与谓语表示的动作几乎同时发生。如果分词表示的动作发生在谓语所表示的动作之前，则用动词V-ing形式的完成式（havingdone）Writingtheletter,heleftoutsomethingimportant.(while/whenhewaswritingtheletter)Havingwrittentheletter,hereaditcarefully.(Afterhehadwrittentheletter)Notfearingthefire,thechildtouchedandgotafingerburnt.Notknowinghowtofindthesubway,Iaskedapolicemanforhelp.Nothavingreceivedananswer,hedecidedtowriteanotherlettertothem.(2)分词的否定形式是在其前加not.语态时态主动语态被动语态一般式完成式(not)doing(not)beingdone(not)havingdone(not)havingbeendone二、现在分词的各种形式1.分词(短语)作状语时,其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。如果不一致,必须用独立主格结构来表示,也就是在分词前面加上它的逻辑主语。Findinghercarstolen,shehurriedtoapolicemanforhelp.Thetrainhavinggone,wehadtowaitanotherday.Themeetingbeingover,wealldrovehome.Timepermitting,Iwillattendthemeetingtobeheldtomorrow.三、使用-ing形式作状语需注意的几个问题判断正误Openingthewindow,abutterflyflewintomystudy.Openingthewindow,Isawabutterflyflyingintomystudy.Standingontopofthetower,thewholecitycomesintoourview.Standingontopofthetower,wecangetaviewofthewholecity.TFFT一般来说,-ing形式表示主动、进行;过去分词表示被动、完成。比较:Lookingoutofthewindow,wecanseeabigtree.Seenfromthewindow,abigtreecanbeseen.2.现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别3.分词短语做状语时,前面可以加上连词或介词,但是分词短语和句子之间不能用并列连词(如but,and),因为并列连词接的是两个并列成分,而分词短语只是全句的一个状语部分,分词和主句之间可用逗号。Hefellasleepwhilereading.正：Whenseeingfromthetopofthehill,youcanenjoythewholebeautyofthiscity.误:Havingbeentoldmanytimes,buthestillcouldn’tunderstandit.4.-ing分词的一般式和完成式一般情况下，-ing分词的一般式的动作表示和后面句子的动作是同时进行的动作；完成式的动作是先于后面句子的动作发生。Beingastudent,hewasinterestedinbooks.Nothavingstudiedhislessonsveryhard,hefailedtheexaminations.注意：在实际运用中,很多时候-ing的一般式和完成式现在分词都可以表示先后接连发生的动作。但如果-ing的动作和主句的谓语动词之间存在明显的时间上的先后关系，而且句意强调完成，为避免引起误解，必须用完成式表示先发生的动作。Havingbrushedhisteeth,Mr.Browncamedownstairsforbreakfast.布朗先生刷过牙,就下楼来吃早饭。Brushinghisteeth,Mr.Browncamedownstairsforbreakfast.布朗先生边刷牙,边下楼吃早饭。1.Sheiswritingalettertoafriendofhers,____himtotheparty.A.HavinginvitedB.invitingC.toinviteD.invited2.____allmyletters,Ihadadrinkandwentout.A.FinishedB.HavingfinishedC.FinishingD.Tofinish3.___whoshewas,shesaidshewasMr.Johnson’sfriend.A.AskingB.AskedC.TobeaskedD.WhenaskingBBB4.____Sunday,thestudentsareathome.A.BeingB.TobeC.ItisD.Itbeing5.____,yourcompositionisfullofmistakes.A.WritingcarelesslyB.WrittencarelesslyC.HavingwrittencarelesslyD.BeingwrittencarelesslyDB6.____severaltimes,theyoungscientiststillkeptonmakinghisexperiments.A.HavingbeenfailedB.HavingfailedC.ThoughfailedD.Becauseoffailure7.Thefood____atthemomentisforthedinnerparty.A.cookedB.tobecookedC.isbeingcookedD.beingcookedBD8.Whilebuildingatunnelthroughthemountain,____.A.anundergroundlakewasdiscoveredB.therewasanundergroundlakediscoveredC.alakewasdiscoveredunderground.D.theworkersdiscoveredanundergroundlake9.Findinghercarstolen,____.A.apolicemanwasaskedtohelpB.theareawassearchingthoroughlyC.itwaslookedforeverywhereD.shehurriedtoapolicemanforhelpDD10.____hiskey,hecouldn’tentertheroom.A.HavingbeenlostB.HehadlostC.HavinglostD.Losing11.—Whydoyo