英语名词解释

1.Alliteration(押头韵):(alsoknownas“headrhyme”or“initialrhyme”)meansarepetitionofthesamesound—usuallyinitialconsonantsofwordsorofstressedsyllables—inanysequenceofneighboringwordsinalineorgroup.InOldEnglishalliterativeverse,alliterationistheprincipalorganizingdeviceoftheverseline,suchasinBeowulf.2.Ballad(民谣):Balladisalsoknownasthefolkballadortraditionalballad,popularballad.Itisastoryinpoeticformtobesungorrecited,usuallyin4-linestanzas,withthesecondandfourthlinesrhymed.Balladswerepasseddownfromgenerationtogeneration.RobinHoodisafamousballadsingingthegoodsofRobinHood.Coleridge’sTheRimeoftheAncientMarinerisa19thcenturyEnglishballad.3.Blankverse(无韵诗):Unrhymedlinesofiambicpentameter.ItisaveryflexibleEnglishverseformwhichcanattainrhetoricalgrandeurwhileechoingthenaturalrhythmsofspeechandallowingsmoothenjambment(跨行连续).MuchofthefinestverseinEnglish—byShakespeare,Milton,Wordsworth,Tennyson,andStevens—hasbeenwritteninblankverse.4.Comedy(喜剧):Inthemostcommonliteraryapplication,acomedyisafictionalworkinwhichthematerialsareselectedandmanagedprimarilyinordertointerestandamuseus:thecharactersandtheirdiscomfituresengageourpleasurableattentionratherthanourprofoundconcern,wearemadetofeelconfidentthatnogreatdisasterwilloccur,andusuallytheactionturnsouthappilyforthechiefcharacters.5.Epic(史诗):Alongnarrativepoemcelebratingthegreatdeedsofoneormorelegendaryheroes,inagrandceremoniousstyle.Thehero,usuallyprotectedbyorevendescendedfromgods,performssuperhumanexploitsinbattleorinmarvelousvoyages,oftensavingorfoundinganation—asinVirgil’sAeneid(30-20BC)—orthehumanraceitself,inMilton’sParadiseLost.TheAnglo-SaxonpoemBeowulfisaprimaryepic.6.Farce(滑稽戏):Atypeofcomedydesignedtoprovoketheaudiencetosimple,heartylaughter—“bellylaughs”,intheparlanceofthetheater.Todosoitcommonlyemployshighlyexaggeratedorcaricaturedtypesofcharacters,putsthemintoimprobableandludicroussituations,andmakesfreeuseofsexualmix-ups,broadverbalhumor,andphysicalbustleandhorseplay.Farcewasacomponentinthecomicepisodesinmedievalmiracleplays.IntheEnglishdrama,farceisusuallyanepisodeinamorecomplexformofcomedy.7.Humanism(人文主义):A19thcenturytermforthevaluesandidealsoftheEuropeanRenaissance,whichplacedanewemphasisontheexpansionofhumancapacities.RevivingthestudyofGreekandRomanhistory,philosophyandarts,theRenaissancehumanistsdevelopedanimageof“Man”morepositiveandhopefulthanthatofmedievalasceticChristianity.ItistheessenceoftheRenaissance.Itemphasizesthedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlife.Humanistsvoicedtheirbeliefsthatmanwasthecenteroftheuniverseandmandidnotonlyhavetherighttoenjoythebeautyofthepresentlife,buthadtheabilitytoperfecthimselfandperformwonders.8.Interlude(幕间剧):(Latin,“betweentheplay”)Atermappliedtoavarietyofshortstageentertainments,suchassecularfarcesandwittydialogueswithareligiousorpoliticalpoint.Inthelate15thandearly16thcenturies,theselittledramaswereperformedbybandsofprofessionalactors;itisbelievedthattheywereoftenputonbetweenthecoursesofafeastorbetweentheactsofalongerplay.9.Legend(传说):Astoryorgroupofstorieshandeddownthroughpopularoraltradition,usuallyconsistingofanexaggeratedorunreliableaccountofsomeactuallyorpossiblyhistoricalperson—oftenasaint,monarch,orpopularhero.Legendsaresometimesdistinguishedfrommythsinthattheyconcernhumanbeingsratherthangods,andsometimesinthattheyhavesomesortofhistoricalbasiswhereasmythsdonot.10.Meter(格律):Theword“meter”isderivedfromtheGreekword“metron”,meaning“measure”.InEnglishwhenappliedtopoetry,itreferstotheregularpatternofstressedandunstressedsyllables.Theanalysisofthemeteriscalledscansion.11.Miracleplay(奇迹剧):ThemiracleplayhadasitssubjecteitherastoryfromtheBible,orelsethelifeandmartyrdomofasaint.Intheusageofsomehistorians,however,“miracleplay”denotesonlydramasbasedonsaints’lives,andtheterm“mysteryplay”isappliedonlytodramasbasedontheBible.12.Moralityplay(道德剧):Moralityplaysaremedievalallegoricalplaysinwhichpersonifiedhumanqualitiesactedanddisputed,mostlycomingfromthe15thcentury.Theydevelopedintotheinterludes,fromwhichitisnotalwayspossibletodistinguishthem,andhencehadaconsiderableinfluenceonthedevelopmentofElizabethandrama.13.Renaissance(文艺复兴):Theword“Renaissance”means“rebirth”.ItmeantthereintroductionintoWesternEuropeofthefullculturalheritageofGreeceandRome.TheRenaissanceiscommonlyheldtomarkthecloseoftheMiddleAgesandthebeginningofthemodernWesternworld.TheessenceoftheRenaissanceisHumanism.TherealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissanceistheElizabethandramawithWilliamShakespearebeingtheleadingdramatist.14.Romance(罗曼史/骑士文学):ItisaliterarygenrepopularinthemedievalEngland.Itsingsknightlyadventuresorotherheroicdeeds.Chivalry(suchasbravery,honor,generosity,loyaltyandkindnesstotheweakandpoor)isthespiritofromance.15.Soliloquy(独白):Itistheactoftalkingtooneself.Indramaitdenotestheconventionbywhichacharacter,aloneonthestage,uttershisorherthoughtsaloud.16.Stanza(诗节):Agroupoflinesofpoetry,usuallyfourormore,arrangedaccordingtoafixedplan.Thestanzaistheunitofstructureinapoemandpoetsdonotvarytheunitwithinapoem.17.Tragedy(悲剧):Ingeneral,aliteraryworkinwhichthepro