毕业论文(完整版)

哈尔滨工业大学毕业设计（论文）-I-摘要聚合物驱采油的主要问题之一是如何处理大量含有一定浓度聚合物产出水，如果把这些产出水直接排放将会给环境带来很大的危害。为此提出了用聚合物驱产出水配制聚合物回注地层的设想。但是由于产出水的矿化度明显高于清水，影响了所配聚合物溶液的粘度，会降低聚合物驱的效果。如果要达到所需的配聚粘度，就要耗费更多的聚合物，提高了成本。因此本文提出用电渗析法降低产出水中的矿化度，从而提高配聚粘度。电渗析技术首先用于苦咸水淡化，而后逐渐扩大到海水淡化及制取饮用水和工业纯水的给水处理中，并且在重金属废水处理、放射性废水处理等工业废水处理中得到应用，目前已成为一种重要的膜法水处理技术。但是，电渗析法用于油田含聚采油废水的脱盐处理在国内外还没有报道，这也是本文的创新之处。本文首先介绍了在实验室用电渗析法处理人工配制油田采出水离子组成的溶液，实验结果表明在出水达标的情况下，Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+和K+、Cl-、HCO3-、SO42-的去除率分别达到97%、90%、78%、85%、67%和70%，能耗为0.52～1.44kWh/m3，证明用电渗析法去除该水溶液的矿化度是可行的。然后介绍了电渗析法去除油田含聚采油废水矿化度的现场实验，在不同的电压和流量下，电渗析的能耗为0.56～1.09kWh/m3，证明无论是在工艺技术上还是在运行成本上，该法都是可行的。文章最后还对水中的污染物对离子交换膜的污染问题及其清洗进行了探讨，另外由于电渗析法去除矿化度工艺中进水水质要求较高且离子交换膜一旦污染清洗较为困难，故尝试采用前置超滤预处理系统控制电渗析器进水水质，降低交换膜污染负荷。研究表明，电渗析法去除油田含聚采油废水矿化度的效果很好，经济上是可行的，有利于保护环境和节水。通过前置超滤系统可以有效控制进水水质，降低离子交换膜的污染负荷。关键词含聚采油废水；电渗析；降低矿化度；膜污染；超滤；预处理哈尔滨工业大学毕业设计（论文）-II-AbstractMainproblemofpolymerfloodingishowtodisposesewagecontainspolymer,ifdischargesewagedirectly,itwillbringgreatharmtoenvironment.Sobringsforwardtheassumptionofconfectingpolymerwithsewageofpolymerfloodingandinfusingbacktoground.Butforthereasonthatmineralizationdegreeofsewageishigherthancleanwater,willaffectviscosityofpolymersolution,anddecreaseeffectofpolymerflooding.Ifwantstoreachtheviscositythatisneeded,morepolymerisneeded,andincreasethecost.Sothistextbringsforwardthatdecreasemineralizationdegreeofsewagewithelectrodialysis,andincreaseviscosityofpolymersolution.Electrodialysisisfirstappliedindesaltingofbittersaltwater,thengraduallyextendstothewatertreatmentofseawaterdesaltingandmanufactureofdrinkingwaterandindustrialpurewater,andappliesintreatmentofindustrialwastewatersuchasheavymetalwastewaterandradioactivewastewater,andnowhasbecomeanimportantmembranewatertreatmenttechnology.Butithasn’tbeenreportedthatelectrodialysisappliesindesaltingofoilfieldsewageofpolymerflooding,thisisinnovationofthisdissertation.Thisdissertationfirstintroducesexperimentinlabwithsimulantsolutionofsewageofpolymerflooding,resultoftheexperimentindicatesthatatconditionofreachthestandard,removalratesofCa2+、Mg2+、Na+andK+、Cl-、HCO3-、SO42-reach97%、90%、78%、85%、67%、70%respectively,energyconsumptionofelectrodialysisis0.52～1.44kWh/m3,provesit’sfeasibletoremovemineralizationdegreeofthissolutionwithelectrodialysis.Andthenintroducesspotexperimentofremovemineralizationdegreeofoilfieldsewageofpolymerflooding,atdifferentvoltageandflux,energyconsumptionofelectrodialysisis0.56～1.09kWh/m3,andprovesthatit’sfeasibleonbothtechnologyandoperationcost.Atlast,thistexthasstudiedtheproblemsofmembranepollutionandcleanout,inaddition,consideringelecttrodialysisprocessremovalsalinitycraftmediainfluentqualityrequirementhigher,onceion-exchangemembranegetpollutedit'srelativelydifficultytopurge.sowetrytocontrolinfluentqualityanddecreasethepollutionloadofion-exchange哈尔滨工业大学毕业设计（论文）-III-membranebyprepositiveultrafiltrationsystem.Researchindicatesthatithasgoodeffectremovingmineralizationdegreeofoilfieldsewageofpolymerfloodingwithelectrodialysis,andisfeasibleoneconomy,andisgoodforenvironmentprotectionandwatersaving,wecaneffectivelycontrolinfluentqualityanddecreasethepollutionloadofion-exchangemembranebyprepositiveultrafiltrationsystem.KeywordsSewageofpolymerflooding;electrodialysis;decreasemineralizationdegree;membranepollution;ultrafiltration;pre-treatme哈尔滨工业大学毕业设计（论文）-1-目录摘要...............................................................................................................IAbstract..................................................................................................................II第1章绪论...........................................................................................................41.1大庆油田三次采油技术现状及存在的问题...........................................41.1.1大庆油田三次采油技术现状................................................................41.1.2聚合物驱油原理....................................................................................51.1.3大庆油田三次采油存在的问题............................................................51.2大庆油田采油出水处理回注的技术工艺及存在的问题.......................51.2.1聚合物驱采油出水的性质....................................................................51.2.2大庆油田含聚采油出水处理的现有工艺技术....................................61.2.3大庆油田聚合物驱采出水处理存在的问题........................................61.3本课题的提出和主要内容.......................................................................71.3.1本课题的提出........................................................................................71.3.2本课题的主要内容...............................................................................71.4电渗析技术的理论..................................................................................91.4.1电渗析过程...........................................................................................91.4.2离子交换膜的选择透过性机理.........................................................111.4.3电渗析脱盐的基本原理.....................................................................131.5本课题的研究意义................................................................................14第2章电渗析法去除含聚废水矿化度的实验研究....................................