语言学-Chapter-4-Syntax

CriticalThinkingPresentandSolveProblemsUnderstandMacroscopicallyStudyofsentencefromdifferentperspectivesUnderstandMicroscopicallyChomsky:Generativeapproach第四章句法学句子是由什么构成的？人们是如何产生和理解句子的？句子在语法系统中处于什么样的地位？构成句子的成分（如，短语、词）是如何构成的？不同的句子类型是如何产生的？以上问题是否可以通过形式分析来描述？是否可以用一些普遍的规则概括句子的结构？形式主义对句子结构描述：简单的操作、雅致的描写、严格、清晰的逻辑。Syntaxreferstothestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguageorsimply,thestudyoftheformationofsentences.Moreversions,Syntaxisthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyoftheinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructures.Whatistherelationshipbetweensyntax,morphologyandphonology?Imetaman(whohadason(whosewifesoldcookies(thatshehadbakedinherkitchen(thatwasfullyequippedwithelectricalappliances(thatwerenew).))))Ithink(thatthatthat[thatthatstudentwroteontheblackboard]iswrong).Approachestothestudyofsentences1.Thetraditionalapproach2.Thestructuralapproach3.Thegenerativeapproach4.ThefunctionalapproachSentenceRule-governedsentenceformationTraditionalapproachWordStructuralapproachGenerativeapproachFunctionalapproach(1)(句子观)asequenceofwords.(2)(研究视角)Itstudiessentenceformationbystudyingwordsintermsofcategories（范畴）andtheirinterrelationships.Traditionalapproach数、性、格、时、体、态一致、支配复合句non-simplecompound并列句(system),notasisolatedbits.Thisapproachtogrammar,basedonSaussure’sideasoflanguage,studiestheinterrelationshipsbetweenwords.Structuralapproach横组合、纵聚合AsentenceHasalinearstructure,hierarchicalstructure直接成分分析法(TG转换生成语法)proposedbyNoamChomsky.Chomskyproposesthatthegrammarsofallhumanlanguagesshareacommonframework.Generativeapproach深层结构表层结构转换规则JanevisitedJohn’sbrother’swife’smother’sfather’scousin’sfriend’sstore.SNPVP(V+NP)(formalism)Languagecannotbedescribedwithoutexaminingitsfunction.Systemic-functionalapproachstartsfromclauseandextendsitselftodiscourse.Itinvolveswhatlanguagecanshow(ideationalfunction),whatkindofrelationcanitestablish(interpersonalfunction),andinwhatway(textualfunction).Functionalapproach(topic,given),whilethatwhichissaidabouttheknowninformationisconsideredtobetherheme(comment,new).ChaptercontentsThegirlateanapple.4.2howtodefineeachwordinthesentence?4.5Howisthesentenceformed?4.3,4.4Howtodescribethephrasesinvolved?4.2Wordcategories（word-formationrules[morphology]）4.3&4.4Phrasecategoriesphrase-formationrules(4.3)Phraseelements(4.4)4.5&4.6SentencecategoriesSentence-formationrules(4.6)（范畴）Categoryreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseoraverb.(Lexical)categoriesMajorEnglishlexicalcategories实义语类Noun(N)student,lecture,JohnVerb(V):like,read,goAdjective(Adj):tall,lovely,redPreposition(P)about,over,on功能语类MinorEnglishlexicalcategoriesDeterminer(Det):the,a,this,thoseDegreewords:quite,very,more,soQualifier(Qul):often,always,seldom,almostAuxiliary(Aux):can,will,do,do,be,haveConjunction(Conj):and,or,butComplementizer(C):that,if,for,whether(textbook,p.43-44)MeaningInflectionDistributionForexample,Thegirlateanapple.词属于不同的类别；传统语法中称为“词性”(partofspeech)或“词类”(wordclass),生成语法中多称为句法类（syntacticcategory)或语法类（grammaticalcategory),简称语类(category)词可划分为十个语类：名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、限定词、代词、助动词、标记词和连词。根据它们是否具有词汇意义、是否属于开放性语类，这些单词语类又可分为两大类：实义语类(contentcategory;contentive）和功能语类(functioncategory;functor)。实义语类在句中主要表示词汇意义，基本都属于开放性语类；功能语类主要表示语法功能，都属于封闭类语类。4.2.2Phrasestructure4.3PhrasestructureruleXPruleCoordinationrule4.4PhraseelementsSpecifiersComplementsModifiersPHRASEisasingleelementofstructurecontainingmorethanoneword,andlackingth