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BriefSummaryofStylisticsGeneralStylisticsisthesciencewhichexploreshowreadersinteractwiththelanguagesoftextsinordertoexplainhowweunderstandandareaffectedbytextswhenwereadthem.Thestylisticmainlyconcernsabouttheexaminationofgrammar,lexis,semantics,aswellasphonologicalpropertiesanddiscursivedevices.It’sdevelopingandnotcometomaturitynow.Accordingtodifferentstandards,thestylisticsmainlydivideintotwomajortypes:linguisticstylisticsandliterarystylistics.Andtherearemanyschoolofstylisticssuchaslingvo-stylistics,literarystylistics,appliedstylistics,contrastivestylistics,appliedstylisticsandsoon.Inthebasicnotionsofstylistics,the通述文体学是为一门教我们怎么更好的使用语言的一门学科,主要关注语法,词汇,语义,语音特征和表达手段。文体学目前是不完善的,处于发展阶段。根据不同的标准,文体学分为两大类:普通文体学和文学文体学.并且文体学有许多不同的学派,如形式文体学,话语文体学,文学文体学,应用文体学,社会文体学,认知文体学,比较文体学等。在文体学的基本概念中,expressivemeansandthestylisticdevicesshouldbenoticed.Expressivemeansofthelanguageareunitsofdifferentlanguagelevels:phonetic,morphological,word-building,syntactic,lexical,phraseological,whichservethepurposeoflogicalandemotionalintensificationoftheutterances.Astylisticdeviceisageneralizedpattern,whichactivatesaconsciousandintentionalintensificationofacertainpropertyofalanguageunit,designedtoachieveaparticularartisticeffect.Stylisticsoriginsfromtheancientclassicalrhetoric,especiallytherhetoricofAristotle.ButthemodernstylisticsrootsinRussianFormalismandtherelatedPragueSchooloftheearlytwentiethcentury.Intheearlytwentiethcentury,thefamouspersonofstylisticsisCharlesBallyandinthelatetwentiethcenturyisRomanJakobson.值得注意的是表达方式和文体手段。表达方式是表述特定内容所使用的特定的语言方法,手段。文体手段为达成特定的艺术效果所普遍认可的特定组合。文体学起源于古老的经典修辞学,特别是亚里士多德的修辞论.但现代文体学起源于俄罗斯的形式主义和20世纪早期的相关的布拉格学派。20世纪早期的代表人物是法国的巴特利,20世纪晚期的则是罗曼雅各布森。ItisclearthattheStylisticshasmuchcontactswithRhetoric,.Rhetoricistheartofdiscourse,anartthataimstoimprovethecapabilityofwritersorspeakerstoinform,persuade,ormotivateparticularaudiencesinspecificsituations.ItsbestknowndefinitioncomesfromAristotle,whoconsidersitacounterpartofbothlogicandpolitics,andcallsit“thefacultyofobservinginanygivencasetheavailablemeansofpersuasion.”RhetoricAboutthehistoryofRhetoric,RhetorichasitsoriginsinMesopotamia.AndInancientEgypt,rhetorichadexistedsinceatleasttheMiddleKingdomperiod.TheEgyptiansheldeloquentspeakinginhighesteem,anditwasaskillthathadaveryhighvalueintheirsociety.文体学和修辞学密不可分。修辞,是依据题旨情景,运用各种表现手段方法,对语言材料进行加工,提高语言表达效果的一种活动,而研究这种提高语言表达效果规律的科学,就叫做修辞学。西方修辞学发展史上,真正将修辞界定为一门学科的人是亚里士多德,他将修辞学界定为”在每一件事上发现可用的说服手段的能力。”修辞学修辞起源于美索不达米亚.在古埃及,修辞学自中王国时期就存在,古埃及人关注雄辩,认为修辞学在社会生活中具有重大价值。The“Egyptianrulesofrhetoric”alsoclearlyspecifiedthat“knowingwhennottospeakisessential,andveryrespected,rhetoricalknowledge.”Their“approachtorhetoric”wasthusa“balancebetweeneloquenceandwisesilence.”Theirrulesofspeechalsostronglyemphasized“adherencetosocialbehaviorsthatsupportaconservativestatusquo”andtheyheldthat“skilledspeechshouldsupport,notquestion,society.”InancientChina,rhetoricdatesbacktotheChinesephilosopher,Confucius.InancientGreece,theearliestmentionoforatoricalskilloccursinHomer'sIliad.Attheturnofthe20thcentury,therewasarevivalofrhetoricalstudymanifestedintheestablishmentofdepartmentsofrhetoricandspeechatacademicinstitutions,aswellastheformationofnationalandinternationalprofessionalorganizations.埃及的修辞原则明确定义:知道什么时候不说话是必不可少的,而且了解非常受人尊敬和修辞的知识.古埃及的修辞手法是雄辩和智慧的沉默的平衡。他们演讲的原则强调坚持保持现状的社会行为,并且他们认为好的演讲应该是受人支持的,有利于社会的,而不是被人质疑的。在古中国,修辞回溯到中国的哲学家孔子和他的追随者。在古希腊,最早涉及的是河马的伊利亚特。20世纪见证了修辞学的再次兴起。当代学者继续在数世纪的修辞传统上添砖加瓦,重新解释修辞学来说明人类交流的重要性Rhetorictypicallyprovideheuristicsforunderstandingdiscoveringanddevelopingargumentsforparticularsituations.AndweshouldknowtheAristotle’sthreepersuasiveaudienceappeals:logos,pathos,andethos.Andthefivecanonsofrhetoric:invention,arrangement,style,memory,anddelivery.invention(theprocessofdevelopingarguments);style(determininghowtopresentthearguments);arrangement(organizingtheargumentsforextremeeffect);delivery(thegestures,pronunciation,toneandpaceusedwhenpresentingthepersuasivearguments);memory(theprocessoflearningandmemorizingthespeechandpersuasivemessages.)修辞学通常提供在特定条件下,关于理解,认知和论据的探索法.关于修辞,我们需要知道亚里士多德的修辞学三种劝说方式:逻辑诉求,情感诉求,人格诉求,以及修辞五艺:取材,布局谋篇,朗诵法,表达技巧,默记:取材——建立论据的过程;表达技巧——如何表述布局谋略——决定如何表达论据;朗诵法——手势,发音,语调,表达论据的步骤;默记——学习和记忆演讲信息的过程GrammarThesystemoftransitivityisaparticulargrammaticalfacilityusedforcapturingexperienceinlanguageisthesystemoftransitivity.Inthissystem,itcontainsixprocess(theparticipant):Materialprocesses(actor,goal)Mentalprocesses(senser,phenomenon)Behaviouralprocesses(behaver)Processesofverbalization(sayer,verbiage,receiver)Relationalprocesses(carrier,attribute,identified,identifier,possessed,possessor)Existentialprocesses(existent)语法及物性系统是一个语义系统,他把人们的经验表达出来,并指明过程所涉及的参与者和环境成分。在这个系统中,分为六个过程类型(括号内为其参与者):物质过程(动作着,目标),心理过程(感觉者,现象),行为过程(行为者),言语过程(说话者,说话内容,受话者),关系过程(载体,属性,被识别者,识别者,被占有者,占有者)存在过程(存在物)。Abasicmodelofgrammarshouldcontain:sentence(orclausecomplex),clause,phrase(orgroup),word,morpheme.Fourbasicelementsofclausestructure:theSubject(S),thePredicator(P),theComplement(C)andtheAdjunct(A).——an‘SPCA’pattern。WeshouldnoticethatSPCAisthebasicpatternofclauses
本文标题:文体学课堂总结
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