新编简明英语语言学教程(重点笔记赶考秘籍)

1.1Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itisascientificstudybecauseit(a)isbasedonthesystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata.It(b)discoversthenatureandrulesoftheunderlyinglanguagesystem.It(c)collectslanguagefactsthatdisplaysomesimilarities,andgeneralizationsaremadeaboutthem.Thestudyoflanguageasawholeifoftencalledgenerallinguistics.phonetics(语音学):thestudyofsoundsphonology(音位学):howsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningmorphology(形态学):howmorphemes(词素)arearrangedandcombinedtoformwordssyntax(句法学):thestudyofrulesthatgovernthecombinationofwordstoformgrammaticallypermissiblesentencessemantics(语义学):thestudyofmeaningpragmatics(语用学):thestudyofmeaninginthecontextoflanguageuseinterdisciplinarybranches:sociolinguistics(社会语言学),psycholinguistics(心理语言学),appliedlinguistics(应用语言学)Importantdistinctionsinlinguisticsprescriptive(规定性oldlinguistics)vs.descriptive(描述性modernlinguistics)synchronic(共时性)vs.diachronic(历时性):mostlinguisticstudiesareofsynchronicdescriptions,whichispriorinmodernlinguisticsspeechandwriting:speechispriortowritinginmodernlinguisticslangue(语言系统abstractlinguisticsystem)andparole(话语/言语realizationoflangueinactualuse):SwisslinguistF.deSaussure----forefatherofmodernlinguisticscompetence(语言能力idealuser’sknowledgeofrulesofhislanguage)andperformance(语言运用actualrealizationofthisknowledge):AmericanlinguistN.Chomskytraditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics:Saussure’sbook“CourseinGeneralLinguistics”markedthebeginningofmodernlinguistics1.2Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.LAD:LanguageAcquisitionDevice-----ChomskyArbitrariness(任意性):Differentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages.Productivity/creativity(能产性):Constructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsarepossible,sothatlargenumberofsentencescanbeproduced.Duality(双层性):Twolevelsenablepeopletotalkaboutanythingwithintheirknowledge.lowerlevel(sounds)---higherlevel(words)Displacement(移位性):enablepeopletotalkaboutawiderangeofthings,freefrombarrierscausedbyseparationintimeorplace.Culturaltransmission(文化传承):Wearebornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,thedetailsoflanguagesystemhavetobetaughtandlearned.2.1Speechandwritingarethetwomediaforcommunication,ofwhichspeechismorebasic/primary.Thesoundswhichareproducedbyhumansthroughtheirspeechorgansandmeaningfulincommunicationconstitutethephonicmediumoflanguage.Theindividualsoundswithinthisrangearethespeechsounds.2.2Phoneticsisthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage,whichconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.articulatoryphonetics,auditoryphonetics,acousticphoneticsSpeechorgans:pharyngeal;cavity---throat;oralcavity---mouth;nasalcavity---noseIPA:国际音标diacritics:变音符broadtranscription:宽式标音(usedindictionariesandteachingtextbooks)narrowtranscription:严式标音(usedbyphoneticiansintheirstudy)vowels(theairstreammeetswithnoobstruction)andconsonants(obstructed)stops(塞音),fricatives(擦音),affricates(塞擦音),liquids(流音),nasals,glides,bilabial(双唇音),laviodental(唇齿音),dental(齿音),alveolar(齿龈音),palatal(腭音),velar(软腭音),glottal(喉音)closevowels,semi-closevowels,semi-openvowels,openvowels(openness)unroundedvowels,roundedvowels(shapeofthelips)long/tensevowels----short/laxvowelsmonophthongs(单元音),diphthongs(双元音)(singleorcombined)2.3Phonologyandphoneticsdifferintheirapproachandfocus.phonology:howspeechsoundsformpatternsandareusedtoconveymeaningconcernedwithsoundsystemofaparticularlanguagephonetics:ofageneralnature,interestedinallthespeechsoundsAphone(音素)isaphoneticunitorsegment.(speechsoundsareallphones)aphonedoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaningAphoneme(音位)isaphonologicalunit.(anabstractunitofdistinctivevalue)notparticularsound,butisrealizedbyacertainphoneinacertainphoneticcontextThedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophones(音位变体)ofthatphoneme.Rulesinphonology:Sequentialrules(序列规则)---rulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.Assimilationrule(同化规则)---assimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“copying”afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.foreaseofarticulation(清晰发音)e.g.green,screamDeletionrule(省略规则)---e.g.designationSuprasegmentalfeatures(超切分特征):thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments.stress(重音)---wordstressandsentencestressThelocationofstressinEnglishdistinguishesmeaning.E.g.‘import(n.)im’port(v.)//blackbirdvs.blackbirdtone(语调)---pitchvariation(音高变体)distinguishmeaningE.g.汉语四声Intonation(音调)---Englishtones:fallingtone,risingtone,fall-risetone,rise-falltoneE.g.That’snotthebookhewants.3.1Morphology:studyoftheinternalstructureofwords,andrulesbywhichwordsareformed3.2openclasswords(开放类):newwordscanbeadded—nouns,verbs,adjectiveandadverbsclosedclasswords(封闭类):“grammatical”or“functional”words3.3Wordisthesmallestfreeformfoundinlanguage.Morphemesaretheminimalunitsofmeaning.Freeandboundmorphemes(自由词素canbeawordbyitself粘着词素mustbeattachedtoanotherone---affix)3.4V----teachNAf----er3.5Derivationalandinflectionalmorphemes(派生词素和屈折词素)FreemorphemesBoundmorphemesRootRootAffixdog,cat-ceivePrefixSuffixgrammar-vertDerivationalDerivationalInflecti