新编语言学教程第一章chapter1.

ACourseonLinguisticsforStudentsofEnglishLinguistics:ANewCoursebook《新编语言学教程》TheGoalsforthisCourse•Togetascientificviewonlanguage;•Tounderstandsomebasictheoriesonlinguistics;•Tounderstandtheapplicationsofthelinguistictheories,especiallyinthefieldsoflanguageteaching&learning(SLAorTEFL),cross-culturalcommunication……;•Toprepareforthefutureresearchwork.语言学学习应注意的方面：1)术语问题2）语言学理论问题3）语言学研究方法问题4）语言学研究名家5）学习习惯问题Chapter1Introduction•ILinguistics•1.Definitionoflinguistics•2.Linguisticsandtraditionalgrammar•3.Useofstudyinglinguistics•4.Scopeoflinguistics•IILanguage•1.WhyStudyLanguage?•2.Definitionsoflanguage•3.Originoflanguage•4.DesignFeaturesofLanguage•5.Functionsoflanguage•ⅢSomemajorconceptsinlinguistics•1.DefinitionofLinguistics•Linguisticsisthescientificorsystematicstudyoflanguage(p.1).–语言学常被定义为一门关于语言的科学或对语言的科学研究。•Apersonwhostudieslinguisticsisknownasalinguist.1)Fourprinciplesoflinguisticstudies(P1)•Exhaustiveness/adequacy（穷尽性）：useadequatesamplesinthestudy.•Thelinguistsshouldgatherallthematerialsrelevanttohisinvestigationandgivethemanadequateexplanation.•Ifheleavesmanyfactsundiscussedorunexplained,hisstudywillnotberegardedasexhaustiveandhisconclusionswillnotbeacceptedasscientific.•Consistency（一致性）：keeptherulesconsistentinthestudyofalanguage.Thereshouldbenocontradictionbetweendifferentpartsofthetotalstatement.•Economy（简洁性、经济性）：ruleouttheredundancy,makekeypartstandoutinlanguagedescriptionorlanguageanalysis.Otherthingsbeingequal,ashortstatementoranalysisispreferredtoalongerormorecomplexone.•Objectivity（客观性）：describealanguageasitis.•Alinguistshouldbeasobjectiveaspossibleinhisdescriptionandanalysisofdataandcannotallowprejudicetoinfluencehisgeneralizations.•2)Twopurposes(p.2)–a.Linguisticsstudiesthenatureoflanguageinordertoestablishatheoryoflanguageanddescribeslanguagesinthelightofthetheoryestablished.–b.Linguisticsexaminesalltheformsoflanguageingeneralandseeksascientificunderstandingofthewaysinwhichitisorganizedtofulfilltheneedsitservesandthefunctionsitperformsinhumanlife.•2.Thedifferencebetweenlinguisticsandtraditionalgrammar(P2-3)•Traditionalgrammar,asapre-20thcenturylanguagedescriptionandpre-linguisticproductofresearch,wasbaseduponearliergrammarsofLatinorGreek(e.g.EnglishhadsixcasesbecauseLatinhadsixcases),andlaidemphasisoncorrectness,literaryexcellence,theuseofLatinmodels,andthepriorityofwrittenlanguage.2.Linguisticsvs.TraditionalGrammarA.Linguisticsisdescriptive,notprescriptive.Alinguistisinterestedinwhatissaid,notwhathethinksoughttobesaid.Hedescribeslanguageinallitsaspects,butdoesnotprescriberulesofcorrectness.Hedoesnotbelievethatthereissomeabsolutestandardofcorrectnessconcerninglanguageuse.Instead,hewouldprefertobeanobserverandrecorderoffacts,butnotajudge.Traditionalgrammarwasverystronglynormativeincharacter.Thegrammariansawitashistasktoformulatethestandardsofcorrectnessandtoimposethese,ifnecessary,uponthespeakersofthelanguage.B.Linguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.c)LinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarinthatitdoesnotforcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.•Traditionalgrammar----prescriptive,written,Latin-basedframework规定性的、书面语的，放进一个拉丁语为基础的框架内•Modernlinguistics-----descriptive,spoken,notnecessarilyLatin-basedframework描述性的、口头语的，不强行放进一个拉丁语为基础的框架内WeakpointsofTraditionalGrammar1.规定语言学家在判断语言的正确与否时常从逻辑学的角度加以观察，但是却忽视了语言在受一般逻辑规律支配的同时，又有自身的规律，使得语言规律与逻辑规律既有相似性又有相异性。以双重否定为例。从逻辑学的角度来看，否定之否定就是肯定。正因如此，规定语法学家认为：Ididn’tdonothing.正确的解释为:ItisnottruethatIdidnothing.或Ididsomething.但是，英语使用的现实却是这两种相互矛盾的语义都存在。语义的区别是通过语言的语音规律加以实现的。在前者，“didn’t”重读，而后者“didn’t不重读。再看下列例句：Allthechildrendidn’tsleep(Allthechildrenfailedtosleep.)Allthechildrendidn’tsleep.(Notallthechildrenfailedtosleep.)这两个话语在语义上的差异也是违反了传统逻辑规律。语音规律的介入很好地解决了这一问题：Allthechildrendidn’tˋsleep.(重音落在sleep上，且使用降调)ˇAllthechildrendidn’tsleep.（重音落在all上，且使用降升调）事实上，这种突破一般逻辑规律的现象在其它语言中也时常可见。以汉语为例：今天街上好热闹。今天街上好不热闹。再看汉语中的“差点儿”和“差点儿没”两个表达法：他差点儿摔倒了。他差点儿没摔倒。我差点儿通过了考试。我差点儿没通过考试。如果用“差点儿”和“差点儿没”去修饰说话人希望实现的事情，那么“差点儿”含有惋惜希望的事情未能实现，而“差点儿没”是指庆幸希望的事情发生了。2.Therearenoabsolutestandardsofcorrectnessinlanguageuses.•秋浦歌•白发三千丈，缘愁似个长。•不知明镜里，何处得秋霜。•单看“白发三千丈”一句，真叫人无法理解：白发怎么能有“三千丈”呢？愁生白发，人所共晓，而长达三千丈，该有多少深重的愁思。十个字的千钧重量落在一个“愁”字上。以此写愁，匪夷所思。奇想出奇句，不能不使人惊叹诗人的气魄和笔力。•3.Useofstudyinglinguistics(pp.3-4)•1)Tohaveanoverviewofhumanlanguage;•2)Tounderstandthathumanlanguageshaveimportantfeaturesincommonthoughtheydiffergreatlyinmanydetails;•3)Togoalongthepathleadingtothefinalprofessioneitherasateacherofforeignlanguagesorasaresearcheroflinguisticsortranslation(p.4)•4.Scopeoflinguistics(pp.4-8)•1)microlinguisticsVSmacrolinguisticsMicrolinguistics:–Phonetics,Phonology,Morphology,Syntax,Semantics,Pragmatics.–Thesebranchesareattheverycenteroflinguisticscope.Macrolinguistics:–Sociolinguistics,Psycholinguistics,Neurolinguistics,Stylistics,Discourseanalysis,Computationallinguistics,Cognitivelinguistics–Thesebranchesarerelatedtosomethingthatisnotatthecenteroflinguisticscope.•2)Linguisticsclassifiedfromdifferentperspectives•functionallinguisticsVSformallinguistics–theformerstressesthefunctionoflanguageandthelatterstre