国际海上货物运输与保险法

第四章国际海上货物运输与保险法本章内容：提单的性质、种类、承运人的责任以、租船运输合同的种类。海上运输保险的原则、承保的损失、承保的险别、保险人责任的起讫。教学要求：掌握提单的性质和种类，以及承运人的责任。了解海上运输保险的原则，掌握承保的损失、承保的险别，熟悉保险人责任的起讫。第一节国际海上货物运输法一、提单（一）调整提单的公约1、海牙规则2、维斯比规则3、汉堡规则（二）提单的概念提单是一种用以证明海上运输合同和货物已经由承运人接收并装船，以及承运人保证据以交付货物的单证。1、TheReceiptCharacter2、EvidenceoftheContractofCarriagebySea3、TheBillofLadingasaDocumentofTitle（权益凭证）（三）提单的种类1、以货物是否装船分为已装船提单和收货待运提单（1）已装船提单（OnBoardB／LorShippedB／L）同一票货物全部装进船舱或装上舱面并经大副签收后，根据托运人要求，由承运人、船长或代理人签发给托运人的提单。（2）待运提单（ReceivedforShipmentB／L）承运人收到并掌管托运货物等待装船期间，经托运人要求所签发的提单。2、按收货人抬头分为记名提单、指示提单和不记名提单（1）记名提单（straightB／L）指记名货物交付或指定给具体人的凭证。记名提单安全，但在多数国家不具备流通性。（2）不记名提单（BlankB/L；OpenB／L；BearerB/L）指发货人没有指明任何收货人，收货人栏内仅注明“交与持有人”（tobearer）的提单。缺乏安全性。（3）指示提单（OrderB/L)处理提单所列货物的人经背书指示交付货物的提单。指示提单发生遗失或被盗，不致被他人任意冒领提货；并可经背书转让。3、以提单上是否有不良批注分为清洁提单和不清洁提单（1）清洁提单（CleanB／L）指对货物外表未加不良批注的提单。（2）不清洁提单（FoulB／L）明显声明货物及或包装有缺陷的提单。（四）Carrier’sDutyunderaBillofLading1、toexerciseduediligencetotheshipseaworthy,beforeandatthebeginningofthevoyage2、ToExerciseDueDiligencetoProperlyandCarefullyLoading,Handing,Stowing（积载）,Carrying,Keeping（保管）,Caringfor（照料）,andDischargingtheGoodsCarried.管货过失与管船过失不同：前者不能免责；后者可免责。3、unlawfuldeviationisnotallowed（五）Carrier’sImmunitiesArticle4(2)oftheHagueRulesprovides:“Neitherthecarriernortheshipshallberesponsibleforlossordamagearisingorresultingfrom1、Act,neglect,ordefaultofthemastermariner,pilot,ortheservantsofthecarrierinthenavigation（驾驶）orinthemanagement（管理）oftheship;2、Fire,unlesscausedbytheactualfaultorprivityofthecarrier3、Perils,dangers,andaccidentsoftheseaorothernavigablewater(海难）;4、ActofGod(天灾）；5、Actofwar;6、Actofpublicenemies;7、Arrestorrestraintofprinces,rules,orpeople,orseizureunderlegalprocess;8、Quarantine（检疫）restrictions;9、Actoromissionoftheshipperorownerofthegoods,orhisagentorrepre-sentative;10、Strikesorlockoutsorstoppageororrestraintoflaborfromwhatevercause,whetherpartialorgeneral;providedthatnothinghereincontainedshallbeconstruedtorelieveacarrierfromresponsibilityforthecarrier’sownacts;11、Riotsandcivilcommotions;12、Savingorattemptingtosavelifeorpropertyatsea;13、Wastageinbulkorweightoranyotherlossordamagearisingfrominherentdefect,quality,orviceofthegoods;14、Insufficiencyofpacking15、Insufficiencyorinadequacyofmarks;16、Latentdefectsnotdiscoverablebyduediligence;and17、Anyothercausearisingwithouttheactualfaultandprivityofthecarrierandwithoutthefaultornegli-enceoftheagentsorservantsofthecarrier,buttheburdenofproofshallbeonthepersonclaimingthebenefitofthisexceptiontoshowthatneithertheactualfaultorprivityofthecarriernorthefaultorneglectoftheagentsorservantsofthecarriercontributedtothelossordamage.TheprovisionsshowthattheHagueandHague–VisbyRulesexemptcarriersfromalmostallliabilityfromdamages.Oncethegoodscarriedaredamaged,carrierscanuseanyofthe17immunitiestoexcusehisliability.TheHamburgRulesprolongsthecarrier’speriodofresponsibility:TheresponsibilityofthecarrierforthegoodsunderthisConventioncoverstheperiodduringwhichthecarrierisinchargeofthegoodsattheportofloading,duringthecarriageandattheportofdischarge.Thecarrierisdeemedtobeinchargeofthegoods:(1)fromthetimehehastakenoverthegoods;(2)untilthetimehehasdeliveredthegoods.ThemostimportantmodificationbytheHamburgRulesisthatithascanceledcarriers’immunitiesfromtheact,neglect,ordefaultofthemaster.marine,pilot,ortheservantsofthecarrierinthenavigationorinthemanagementoftheship.（六）承运人的责任限额1、海牙规则：100英镑/件或单位2、维斯比规则：10000金法郎/件或单位30法郎/公斤（毛重）,以两者较高者为准3、汉堡规则：835特别提款权/件或单位2.5特别提款权/公斤（毛重）。比海牙规则高4倍，比维斯比规则提高25%。二、租船运输（一）VoyageCharterparties（航次租船合同）Whenachartererhiresashipanditscrewforthecarriageofgoodsfromoneplacetoanother,thechartererandshipownerhaveenteredintoavoyagecharterparty.Underthetermsmostcommonlyusedinsuchacontract,theowneragreestoprovidetheshipatanamedportataspecifiedtimeandtocarrythegoodstothecontracteddesti-nation.Thechartereragreestoprovideafullcargoandtoarrangeforitsload-ingatanagreed-upontime.Inthecharterpartyboththeportofloadingandtheportofdischargemustbementioned,althoughthecharterermaybegivenpowertoordertheshiptoproceedtoanyportwithinthelimitsnamedinthecharterparty.1、TheImpliedTermsThelawimpliesthefollowingthreetermsintoeveryvoyagecharter:(1)thattheshipisseaworthy;(2)thatitshallproceedwithreasonabledispatch;andthatthreeshouldbenounjustifiabledeviation.2、LayDaysandDemurrageWhentheshipisanarrivedshipandtheshipownergivesthecharterernoticeofreadiness,thelaydaysbegintorun.Noticeofreadinesstoloadmustalwaysbegiven,thoughitmaybegivenorally,butnoticeofreadinesstodischargeisnotrequiredunlesssostatedinthecharterparty.Thelaydaysarethetimespecifiedinthecharterpartyforloadingorunloading.Ifthecharterpartydoesnotfixthelaydays,thecharterermustloadandunloadthecargowithinareasonabletime.Thecharterpartysometimesspecifiesaslaydays“workingdays”or“weatherworkingdays”.Ifthelaydaysareexceededandtheshipisdetainedlongerintheportofloadingorunloadingthanagreedinthecharterparty,demurrageispayablebythecharterertotheshipowner.（二）TimeCharterparties(定期租船合同)Underatimecharterparty