新标准大学英语综合教程第二单元readingpractise

Angerisanegativeemotion.But,likebeinghappyorexcited,feelingangrymakespeoplewanttoseekrewards,accordingtoanewstudyofemotionandvisualattention.Theresearchersfoundthatpeoplewhoareangrypaymoreattentiontorewardsthantothreats—theoppositeofpeoplefeelingothernegativeemotionslikefear.Previousresearchhasshownthatemotionaffectswhatsomeonepaysattentionto.Ifafearfuloranxiouspersonisgivenachoiceofarewardingpicture,likeasexycouple,andathreateningpicture,likeapersonwavingaknifethreateningly,theywillspendmoretimelookingatthethreatthanattherewardingpicture.Peoplefeelingexcited,however,aretheotherway—theywillgoforthereward.Butnobodyknowswhetherthosereactionsoccurbecausetheemotionsarepositiveornegative,orbecauseofsomethingelse,saysBrettFordofBostonCollege,whowrotethestudywithMayaTamir,alsoofBostonCollege,andfourotherauthors.Forexample,shesays,emotionscanvaryinwhattheymakeyouwanttodo.Fearisassociatedwithamotivationtoavoid,whereasexcitementisassociatedwithamotivationtoapproach.Itcanmakeyouwanttoseekoutcertainthings,likerewards.TheresearchispublishedinPsychologicalScience,ajournaloftheAssociationforPsychologicalScience.Forherstudy,Fordfocusedonanger.Likefear,angerisanegativeemotion.But,likeexcitement,angermotivatessomeonetogooutandgetrewards.First,participantsinthestudywereassignedtowritefor15minutesaboutoneoffourmemoriesintheirpast:atimewhentheywereangry,afraid,excitedandhappy,orfeltlittleornoemotion.Afive-minutepieceofmusicreinforcedwhicheveremotiontheparticipanthadbeenassigned.Thentheycompletedataskinwhichtheyhadtoexaminetwoside-by-sidepictures.Aneye-trackingdevicemonitoredhowmuchtimetheyspentlookingateachpicture.Angrypeoplespentmoretimelookingattherewardingpictures.Lookingatsomethingisthefirststepbeforethethoughtsandactionsthatfollow,saysFord.Attentionkicksoffanentirestringofeventsthatcanendupinfluencingbehavior.Thepeoplewhofelthappyandexcitedalsolookedmoreattherewardingphotos,butthetwogroupsmightactdifferently—anangrypersonmightbemotivatedtoapproachsomethinginaconfrontationaloraggressiveway,whileahappypersonmightgoforsomethingtheywantinanicerway—bycollaborating,beingsociableandfriendly.1.Whenpeoplefeelfrightened,moreattentionispaidto________________.A.negativeemotionsB.positiveemotionsC.threatsD.rewards2.WhatisknowninthepreviousresearchmentionedinParagraph2?A.Anxiouspeoplepaymoreattentiontothreats.B.Excitedpeoplepaymoreattentiontothreats.C.Attentiontothreatsorrewardsisdeterminedbyemotion.D.Attentiontothreatsorrewardsmayvaryfrompersontoperson.3.AccordingtoFord,________________.A.similaremotionsalwaysproducesimilarreactionsfrompeopleB.anger,likeexcitement,makespeoplepaymoreattentiontorewardsC.negativeemotionsarerelatedtoamotivationtoapproachD.positiveemotionsarerelatedtoamotivationtoavoid4.TheparticipantinFord'sstudy________________.A.listenedtoapieceofmusictohelpproduceaspecialemotionB.lookedattwopictureswhentheyhaveaspecificemotionornoemotionatallC.recordthelengthofthetimetheyspentlookingatpicturesQuestions6to10arebasedonthefollowingpassageordialog.Dogsarepronetoboutsofenvyandrefusetoplayiftheyarenottreatedfairly,scientistshavefound.Theanimalsstoppedcooperatingwithresearchersandbegantoshowsignsofdistressiftheywerenotofferedthesametastyrewardsgiventootherdogs,thestudyshowed.Affronteddogsrefusedtooffertheirpawswheninvitedtoandbeganscratchingandyawning,indicatingthattheirstresslevelswererising,thescientistsreport.Thefindingsuggeststhatdogsmaysharethesenseoffairnessseeninothersocialanimalsthatengageincooperativebehavior,suchasmonkeys.Somescientistsbelieveasenseofjusticecouldbecrucialforsocialanimalsandmayhaveplayedaroleintheevolutionofcooperation.ExperimentsledbyFriederikeRangeattheUniversityofViennatestedhowpairsofdogsreactedwheneachwasgivenadifferentreward—eitherapieceofbread,somesausage,ornothing—inreturnforofferingapawtoresearchers.Inoneoftheteststhefirstdogwasgivenapieceofbreadasareward,whilethesecondreceivednothing.Whenthetestwasrepeatedanumberoftimes,thedogthatgotnothingquicklybegantodisplaywhatappearedtobeenvy.Whenthedogsweretestedontheirown,theycontinuedtoofferapaweveniftheywerenotgivenareward,suggestingtheyonlybecamedistressediftheythoughttheywerebeingtreatedunfairly.Ittellsusthatdogsaresensitivetounequalrewards.Isitenvy;isitasenseoffairness?It'shardtosay,becausealotdependsonhowyoudefinethosewords,saidRange.Theresearchersconclude,D.weremadetobecomeangry,excitedandhappy,orfeltlittleornoemotion5.WhatisillustratedinFord'sstudy?A.Angrypeopletendtogetsomethingtheywantinanuncooperativeway.B.Excitedpeopletendtogetsomethingtheywantinathreateningway.C.Bothangrypeopleandexcitedpeoplefocusonrewardsbecauserewardsarenicer.D.Bothangrypeopleandexcitedpeoplehaveaseriesofactioninasimilarway.Ourresultssuggestthatspeciesotherthanprimates(灵长目动物)showatleastaprimitiveversionofinequityaversion.Theynowplantotestwolvesinthesameway.Lastyear,FransdeWaalatEmoryUniversityinAtlantaconductedsimilarexperimentsoncapuchinmonkeys(卷尾猴).Inthiscase,themonkeysweretrainedtogivesmallstonesinreturnforanedibletreat.WhendeWaaltriedtogiveoutthetreatsunfairly,byof