新编英语教程8笔记整理

1新编英语教程8的部分笔记整理。ThenewscienceThegreatchariotofsociety,whichforsolonghadrundownthegentleslopeoftradition,nowfounditselfpoweredbyaninternalcombustionengine.Transactionsandgainprovidedanewandstartlingmotiveforce.Whatforcescouldhavebeensufficientlypowerfultosmashacomfortableandestablishedworldandinstituteinitsplacethisnewsociety.Therewasnosinglemassivecause.Itwasnotgreatevents,singleadventures,individuallaws,orcharmingpersonalitieswhichbroughtabouttheeconomicrevolution.Itwasaprocessofinternalgrowth.First,therewasthegradualemergenceofnationalpoliticalspiritinEurope.Undertheblowsofpeasantwarsandkinglyconquest,theisolatedexistenceofearlyfeudalismgavewaytocentralizedmonarchies.Asecondgreatcurrentofchangewastobefoundintheslowdecayofthereligiousspiritundertheimpactoftheskeptical,inquiring,humanistviewsoftheItalianRenaissance.Stillanotherdeepcurrentliesintheslowsocialchangesthateventuallyrenderedthemarketsystempossible.Inthecourseofthischange,powernaturallybegantogravitateintothehandsofthosewhounderstoodmoneymatters--themerchants---andawayfromthedisdainfulnobility,whodidnot.在这个变化之中，权利便自然而然地从那些鄙视财迷的高尚者的手中转入那些懂得经营钱财的商人的手中。TheAmericanDilemma翻译Aboutsevenyearsago,IacceptedaninvitationtoparticipateinaseminarontheethicalandmoralproblemsofAmericansocietythatwassponsoredbytheAspenInstituteinColorado.Amongtheotherinvitedguestswerebusinessexecutives,collegepresidents,judges,governmentofficials,managingeditors,professorsandtheologians.大概七年前，我应邀参加一个由科罗拉多阿斯彭研究所（AspenInstitute）赞助的研讨会，探讨有关美国社会道德伦理问题。出席会议的还有企业家、大学校长、法官、政客、执行编辑、教授和神学家。Althoughtherewasnoconflictorcontroversyinthediscussions,oneofthelargestpresentationshashadaprofound,almostobsessive,impactuponmythoughtsaboutthecharacterandqualityofAmericanlife[1]虽然本次讨论中无意见冲突和争议，但较为重要的几个发言中有一个让我印象深刻，它甚至强烈地影响了我对美国生活特性和质量的看法。Inaratherquietvoice,arecentlyretiredvice-presidentofoneofthelargestcorporationsinAmericatoldthegroupthatoneofthepersistentproblemsfacedbyhisofficewashowtokeeptheaccountingrecordsofthecorporationinsuchawaythattheywouldbeaccurateandwouldalsoobscurethefactthatregularoperatingexpenseswerepayoffstomunicipalofficialtoexpeditetheinstallationofnewconstructioninthelargecitiesthroughouttheUnitedStates.[2]Casually,thisparticipantcitedthisasanotherexampleofaprevailingfunctionalimmoralitywithwhichbigbusinesshadtocometoterms.2一个刚从美国的一个大公司退休的副总经理，平静地告诉了我们一个他们公司正面临着的问题：如何记录公司的运营历程才能保证记录准确并且能够掩盖这样的事实——正常的运营耗费其实是市政官员用在美国大城市的构建中的资费。Whennoneoftheotherparticipantsraisedaquestionabouttheethicalimplicationofthispractice,IeventuallyaskedwhythispowerfulcorporationdidnotbringthismattertolocalandFederallaw-enforcementofficials.Mycolleaguesclearlyconsideredmyquestionnaïve.TheyreactedtomypersistentquestionsasifIwereanunrealisticchildwhodidnotunderstandtheeconomicandpoliticalrulesofthegreatAmericangame.当其他参会者都没有对这个伦理内涵的运用提出质疑时，我最后问了一个问题：为什么这个强大的公司没有将这样的问题上报给当地或者联邦的法律执行官？很显然，同事认为我很天真。我坚持打破砂锅问到底，而他们则好像在看一个对美国游戏在经济社会上的影响毫无知情而充满幻想的孩子。NowIwasshockednotonlybythedisclosurebutequallyshockedatthefactthatmyfellowseminarparticipantswerenotshocked.Theythoughtthemselvesrealisticinnotpermittinganacademicdiscussionofethicalandmoralvaluestobeconfusedby“minor”specificexamplesofgenerallyacceptedinstitutionalizedimmorality.[3]让我感到吃惊的不仅是这个问题的暴露，还有各参会者对此不表示惊诧这一事实。他们认为自己是现实的，没有允许这次关于道德伦理价值观的学术论坛被误认为是被公认的不道德风气的一个具体实例。？？Whatisthebasicsystemicproblem---thefundamentalproblemofperspective,valueandcharacter---thatseemstobeinherentinthechroniccrisesplaguingAmericansociety？Obviouslytheanswertothisquestionisnottobefoundindeprivationandpovertyofresources.视角、价值观和特性的最为基本的问题出在哪里？？？这个内在且积累已久的问题困扰着整个美国社会。Whendishonestyappearstowork,it’sdifficulttoarguepersuasivelyforhonesty.当“不诚实”出现在工作里的时候，我们就很难去为“诚实”做有力的辩护。ManyAmericanunderthebannerofdemocraticegalitarianismwillargueandinsistupontheirrighttokeeplessdesirable,“lessequal,”Americiumoutoftheircommunitiesandschools.很多美国人打着“民主平均主义”的旗号，坚持将一些较为“无用、低等”的美国人挡在自己的社区和校门外。Theyalsoseemtohavethecouragetorisktherepeatedexpressionsoftheirconcernandtherebyserveasagnawingandirritatingconsciencetothosewhohaveattainedsuccess.Inthefinalanalysisonlytheseindividualsprovidethehopeforthatultimatetypeofrealismthatisdefinedbythecapacityofasocietytosurviveratherthantobedestroyedeventuallyonthealtarofhumanbarbarity.3他们貌似很有勇气去冒险表达自己的忧虑。从而让那些已经获得成功的人受此折磨且良心不安。归根结底，只有这样的人才能为最根本的现实带来希望。这个真正的现实是指社会有能力继续生存，而不会最终被摧毁于人类的野蛮之手。Ihavehereinmyhand翻译Thereseemednostopping.Heboasted:“McCarthyismisAmericanismwithitssleeverolled.”Hegloriedinbeinghimself:thepoorkidfromthewrongsideofthetrackswhohadfoughthiswayup,whowasgoingtoteachthesnobsathingortwo.“McCarthyism,”wrotecriticPeterViereck,“istherevengeofthenosesthatfor20yearsoffancypartieswerepressedagainsttheoutsidewindowpane.”TheWisconsinSenatorhadtappedintooneoftheuniversalrecurringthemesinAmericanlife:theantagonismbetweentheuppity,dudish,big-citysmartalecksandtheroughandreadyindependent,true-blueAmericansfromthebackwoods.“it’snotthelessfortunate..whohavebeensellingthisnationout,”hecried,“butratherthosewhohavehadallthebenefits—thefinesthomes.thefinestcollegeeducations,andthefinestjo