语言学名词解释

Chapter1:Introduction1.Linguistics:Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.8.langue:Langereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.9.parole:Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.10.competence:Theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.11.performance:Theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.12.language:Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.13.designfeatures:Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.14.arbitrariness:Arbitrarinessreferstonologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningandsound.15.productivity:Userscanunderstandandproducesentencesthattheyhaveneverheardbefore.16.duality:Languageconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,withlowerleverofsound,whichismeaningless,andthehigherleverofmeaning.17.displacement:Languagecanbeusedtorefertothecontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationofthespeakernomatterhowfarawayfromthetopicofconversationintimeorspace.18.culturaltransmission:Languageisculturallytransmitted.Itistaughtandlearnedfromonegenerationtothenext,ratherthanbyinstinct.Chapter2:Phonology1.phonicmedium:Themeaningfulspeechsoundinhumancommunication.2.phonetics:Thestudyofphonicmediumoflanguageanditisconcernedwithallsoundsintheworld’slanguages.3.articulatoryphonetics:Itstudiessoundsfromthespeaker’spointofview,i.e.howaspeakeruseshisspeechorganstoarticulatethesounds.4.auditoryphonetics:Thestudiessoundsfromthehearer’spointofview,i.e.howthesoundsareperceivedbythehearer.5.acousticphonetics:Itstudiesthewaysoundstravelbylookingatthesoundwaves,thephysicalmeansbywhichsoundsaretransmittedthroughtheairfromonepersontoanother.6.voicing:thewaythatsoundsareproducedwiththevibrationofthevocalcords.7.voiceless:thewaythatsoundsareproducedwithnovibrationofthevocalcords.8.broadtranscription:Theuseoflettersymbolsonlytoshowthesoundsorsoundssequencesinwrittenform.9.narrowtranscription:Theuseoflettersymbol,togetherwiththediacriticstoshowsoundsinwrittenform.10.diacritics:Thesymbolsusedtoshowdetailedarticulatoryfeaturesofsounds.11.IPA:shortforInternationalPhoneticAlphabets,asystemofsymbolsconsistsoflettersanddiacritics,usedtorepresentthepronunciationofwordsinanylanguage.12.aspiration:Alittlepuffofairthatsometimesfollowsaspeechsound.13.mannerofarticulation:Themannerinwhichobstructioniscreated.14.placeofarticulation:Theplacewhereobstructioniscreated.15.consonant:aspeechsoundinwhichtheairstreamisobstructedinonewayoranother.16.vowel:aspeechsoundinwhichtheairstreamfromthelungmeetswithnoobstruction.17.monophthong:theindividualvowel.18.diphthong:Thevowelwhichconsistsoftwoindividualvowels,andfunctionsasasingleone.19.phone:Thespeechsoundweusewhenspeakingalanguage.20.phoneme:Thesmallestunitofsoundinalanguagewhichcandistinguishtwosounds.21.allophone:anydifferentformsofthesamephonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.22.phonology:Thedescriptionofsoundsystemsofparticularlanguagesandhowsoundsfunctiontodistinguishmeaning.23.phonemiccontrast:twosimilarsoundsoccurinthesameenvironmentanddistinguishmeaning.24.complementarydistribution:allophonesofthesamephonemeandtheydon’tdistinguishmeaningbutcomplementeachotherindistribution.25.minimalpair:twodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptonesoundandoccursinthesameposition.Thetwosoundsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.26.sequentialrules:Therulestogovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.27.assimilationrule:Theruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherbycopyingafeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.28.deletionrule:Therulethatasoundistobedeletedalthoughitisorthographicallyrepresented.29.suprasegmentalfeatures:Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments----syllable,word,sentence.30.tone:Tonesarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.31.intonation:Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.Chapter3:Morphology1.morphology:Abranchoflinguisticsthatstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandrulesforwordformation.2.openclass:Agroupofwords,whichcontainsanunlimitednumberofitems,andnewwordscanbeaddedtoit.3.closedclass:Arelativelyfewwords,includingconjunctions,prepositionsandpronouns,andnewwordsarenotusuallyaddedtothem.4.morpheme:Thesmallestunitofmeaningofalanguage.Itcannotbedividedwithoutalteringordestroyingitsmeaning.5.affix:aletteroragroupofletter,whichisaddedtoaword,andwhichchangesthemeaningorfunctionoftheword,includingprefix,infixandsuffix.6.suffix:Theaffix,whichisaddedtotheendofaword,andwhichusuallychangesthepartofspeechofaword.7.prefix:Theaffix,whichisaddedtothebeginningofaword,andwhichusuallychangesthemeaningofawordtoitsopposite.8.boundmorpheme:Morphemethatcannotbeusedalone,anditmustbecombinedwitothers.E.g.–ment.9.freemorpheme:amorphemethatcanstandaloneasaword.10.derivationalmorpheme:Boundmorpheme,whichcanbeaddedtoastemtoformanewword.11.inflectionalmorpheme:Akindofmorpheme,whichareusedtomakegrammaticalcategories,suchasnumber,tenseandcase.12.m