物联网导论

年计算机诞生自动计算替代手动计算大型机出现计算开始向高性能计算发展个人电脑普及科学计算服务向个人化工具型服务演变互联网革命新的网络服务模式发展，虚拟世界与现实世界共存智慧地球CPS/物联网网络向物理环境延伸，数字网络与物理世界共融1965年1980年1995年2010年科学计算网络服务IBM前首席执行官郭士纳：计算模式每隔十五年发生一次变革。这一判断像摩尔定律一样准确，人们把它称为“十五年周期定律”。年戈登摩尔定律Computersarefasterandcheaper.Storagesarelargerandcheaper.Informationandcomputingavailableeverywhere.199019802004$400,000/MIPS(Cray-I)$500/MIPS(i860)$1/MIPS..架构•Clientssendrequesttoservers•Serversfinishworkandsendbackresponsetoclients•Smallnumberofserversserveforlargenumberofclients•Example:webserviceserverclientclientclientserver架构•P2P:aclassofsystemsandapplicationsthatemploydistributedresourcestoperformacriticalfunctioninadecentralizedmanner–Linktheresourcesofallpeers–Resources:storage,CPUcycles,content,etc.–Allpeersareserversandequal–highlyscalable–Allpeersareautonomous(differentowners)–Peersarebothclientsandservers•Examples:Napster,Gnutella,KaZaA,Bit-Torrent,E-Donkey…的流行却是开始于一个偶然的起点•150年前…•所有表演都是现场直播！•Ifyouwantedmusic,youbetterbereadytodoityourself…andalmosteveryonedid.•Thisallchangedin1877.’HardTimes,Book3,Chapter8,1834Peoplemuthtbeamuthed.Theycan'tbealwaythalearning,noryettheycan'tbealwaythaworking,theyan'tmadeforit.(普适计算)设备性价比的摩尔变迁和幸福生活的原始动力：MarkWeiser提出“普适计算”的概念，1988。•以下引自MarkWeiser的论文:–…makingmanycomputersavailablethroughoutthephysicalenvironment,butmakingthemeffectivelyinvisibletotheuser.–Themostprofoundtechnologiesarethosethatdisappear.–4AService:Anytime,Anywhere,Anydevice,Anydata!!NSFC无线传感网是连接物理世界与数字世界的桥梁无线传感网湖泊生活区森林工业区传感网的概念•WirelessSensorNetwork(WSN)isawirelessnetworkconsistsofhundredsoreventhousandsofsensorsGatewayInternetUserExtendedcoverageFaulttoleranceExtendedlifetimeCooperation传感器节点•SensorisatinyelectronicdeviceswithfourmajorcomponentsSensingProcessingCommunicationPower1+1=2举例:BerkeleyMicaMote2AAbatteries,2.5AhRadio(100kbps)4MHz8bitAtmelmicro-processorSensors:temperaturelighthumidity…Memory:512KB应用:大鸭岛监测野生动物监测•Biologistswanttotrackanimals–Interactionsbetweenindividuals.–Interactionsbetweenspecies.–Impactofhumandevelopment.•~mrm/zebranet.html物联网战略共识：抢占物联网技术发展制高点、培育新的经济增长点月，温家宝总理在《让科技引领中国可持续发展》讲话中指示要着力突破传感网、物联网关键技术，及早部署后IP时代相关技术研发，使信息网络产业成为推动产业升级、迈向信息社会的“发动机”。2010年1月，吴邦国委员长表示要大力培育发展物联网等新兴产业“感知中国”成为中国物联网国家战略物联网精准农业医疗卫生物流管理生态环境智能交通智能电网安防监控工业监控智能楼宇每一物件均可寻址每一物件均可控制每一物件均可通信连到网上的物件并不一定需要具有感知能力物联网和传感网(来自邬院士的观点)普通对象设备化自治终端互联化普适服务智能化物联网的概念物联网：是一个基于互联网、传统电信网等信息承载体，让所有能够被独立寻址的普通物理对象实现互联互通的网络。MoLi,andYunhaoLiu,RenderedPath:Range-FreeLocalizationinAnisotropicSensorNetworkswithHoles,IEEE/ACMTransactionsonNetworkingMoLi,andYunhaoLiu,UndergroundCoalMineMonitoringwithWirelessSensorNetworks,ACMTransactionsonSensorNetworksMoLi,YunhaoLiu,andLeiChen,Non-ThresholdbasedEventDetectionfor3DEnvironmentMonitoringinSensorNetworks,IEEETransactionsonKnowledgeandDataEngineeringMoLi,YunhaoLiu,JiliangWang,andZhengYang,“SensorNetworkNavigationwithoutLocations”,IEEEINFOCOMMoLiandYunhaoLiu,RenderedPath:Range-FreeLocalizationinAnisotropicSensorNetworkswithHoles,ACMMobiComMoLiandYunhaoLiu,UndergroundStructureMonitor