研究生英语综合教程课后考试题

Theindependence-versus-interdependenceissuehasbeenwrittenaboutregularlyandisoftenintroducedasthemajorissueseparatingthetwoworldsofscientificemployment:academicandindustrial.Fordecades,academiahaspaidlipservicetotheideaofcollaboration,buttheincentive-and-rewardsystemhasbeenslowtoadjust.Despitethewidespreadinterestincollaborationanditsobviousvalueinanacademicsetting,collaborationremainsinformalandisactuallydiscouragedbythetenureprocess,inwhichscholarsarepenalizedforsharingcreditfortheirworkwithothers.Large-scaleacademiccollaborationhastakenplacesuccessfullyinthepast;theManhattanProjectandcontemporaneousradarresearch,andnumerousexperimentalparticlephysicsprojects,tocitejustafewexamples,arenotperhapsacademicinthepurestsense,buttheydemonstratethatacademicscientistscanplaywellwithothers.Morerecently,newsystemsbiologystudiesarebringingasenseofteamworkintoacademiclifesciencelabs,buttherehavebeensomegrowingpains.Still,inmostofacademicscience—includingthelifescience—thelonewolfstillrules.CuisineinChinaisaharmoniousintegrationofcolor,taste,shapeandfragrance.Forthecookingprocess,chefspickchoiceandvariedingredientsandseasoningsandemploytheunparalleledandcomplicatedskillshandeddownfromtheirfathers,alwaysaspiringtotheiridealofperfectionforallthesenses.Amongthemanycookingmethodstheyuseareboiling,stewing,braising,frying,steaming,crisping,baking,simmering.Whentheyfinishtheirmasterpiecestheyarearrangedonavarietyofplatesanddishessothattheyarearealpleasuretoview,tosmellandultimatelytosavor.Thefacilitytopartakeofthesedelightsisalsodistinctive—chopsticks!Toseeeventhesmallestchildeatwithsuchdexterityisquiteamazingformanyforeigners.TheuseoftwosimplesticksinthiswayisanartinitselfandchopstickshavedeterminedthewayinwhichChinesefoodispresentedatthetable.Ifwelookatloveinothercountriesandcultures,wefindmanyvariations.InsocietieslikeIndia,loveisnotnecessarilyaprerequisiteformarriage.EvenhighlyeducatedIndianmenandwomenwhodatenon-IndianswhilelivinginWesterncountriesoftenconsenttoarrangedmarriages.Respectforparent’swishes,familytraditions,anddutytothekingrouparemoreimportantthanlove.Mostmiddle-andupper-middleclasswomeninIndiacanmarrywhomevertheywant,Many,howeverpreferarrangedmarriagesandhavevetopoweroverundesirablecandidates.Arrangedmarriagesareattractivebecausetheyoffermorestabilitythanlove.AccordingtoonehighlyeducatedwomaninCalcuttawhohasbeenhappilymarriedforthreeyearstoamanshehadmetjustthreetimesbeforetheirengagement,loveisn’tessentialformaritalhappiness:ImetalotofpeopleIlike,butnoonewassuitableformarriage,becauseIwaslookingforpracticalityalso.Loveisimportant,butit’snotsufficient.Yogaisanancientsystemofrelaxation,exercise,andhealingwithoriginsinIndianphilosophy.EarlydescriptionsofyogaarewritteninSanskrit,theclassicalliterarylanguageofIndia.ThefirstknownworkisTheYogaSutras,writtenmorethan2,000yearsage,althoughyogamayhavebeenpracticedto5,000yearsago.Theinitialconceptshavebeenadaptedovertimethroughtranslationandscholarlyinterpretation,butthefundamentalprinciplesdescribingthepracticeofyogainthequestofthesoulremainlargelyintake.Yogahasbeendescribedas“theunionofmind,boby,andspirit”,whichaddressesphysical,mental,intellectual,emotionalandspiritualdimensionstowardanoverallharmoniousstateofbeing.Thephilosophyofyogaissometimespicturedasatreewitheightbranches.Theseeightlimbsare:pranayama(breathingexercises),prathyahara(physicalpostures),yama(moralbehavior),niyama(healthyhabit),dharana(concentration),prathyahara(sensewithdrawal),dhyana(contemplation),andSamadhi(hogherconsciousness).Thereareseveralschoolsofyogapractice,suchashathayoga,karmayoga,Bhaktiyoga,andrajayoga.Theseschoolsvaryintheproportionsoftheexercisesofeightlimbs.However,theyareallsimilarinworkingtowardsthegoalofself-realizationandcontrolofmental,physiological,andpsychologicalparametersthroughyogicexperiences.IntheUnitedStatesandEuoope,hathayogaiscommonlypracticed,includingpranayamaandasanas.Yogaisoftenpracticedbyhealthyindividualswiththeaimtoachieverelaxation,fitness,andahealthylifestyle.Yogahasalsobeenrecommendedandusedforavarietyofmedicalconditions.Yogatechniquescanbelearnedinclassesorthroughvideotapeinstruction.Classeslastfrom30to90minutesandareofferedatvariousskilllevels.Snowwasswirlingagainsttheicywindowsoncemore;Christmaswasapproachingfast.Hagridhadalreadysingle-handedlydeliveredtheusual12ChristmastreestotheGreatHall;garlandsofhollyandtinselhadbeentwistedgroundthebanistersofthestairs;everlastingcandlesglowedfrominsidethehelmetsofsuitsofarmorandgreatbunchesofmistletoehadbeenhungatintervalsalongthecorridors.LargegroupsofgirlstendedtoconvergeunderneaththemistletoebuncheseverytimeHarrywentpast,whichcausedblockagesinthecorridors;fortunately,however,Harry’sfrequentnighttimewanderingshadgivenhimanunusuallygoodknowledgeofthecastle’ssecretpassageways,sothathewasoften,withouttoomuchdifficulty,abletonavigatemistletoe-freeroutesbetweenclasses.Ron,whomightoncehavefoundthenecessityofthesedetoursexcuseforjealousyratherthanhilarity,simplyroaredwithlaughteraboutitall.AlthoughHarrymuchpreferredthisnew