英语词汇学复习题重点

英语词汇学1.Word---Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.2.Vocabulary---Vocabularyismostcommonlyusedtorefertothetotalsumofthewordsofalanguage.Itcanalsorefertoallthewordsofagivendialect,agivenbook,agivensubjectandallthewordspossessedbyanindividualpersonaswellasallthewordscurrentinaparticularperiodoftimeinhistory.ThegeneralestimateofthepresentdayEnglishvocabularyisover1millionwords.3.argot–wordsusedbysub-culturedgroups,specializedvocabularyusedbycriminalscan-opener,dip,persuadercant,jargon,argotareassociatedwith,ormostavailableto,specificgroupsofthepopulation.4.Contentword(notionalword)–denoteclearnotionsandthusareknownasnotionalwords.Theyincludenouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbsandnumerals.5.Borrowedwords(loanwords,borrowings)–wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguageareknownasborrowedwordsorloanwordsorborrowingsinsimpleterms.6.Semanticloans–arenotborrowedwithreferencetotheform,buttheirmeaningareborrowedfromanotherlanguage.Inotherwords,Englishhasborrowedanewmeaningforanexistingwordinlanguage.e.g.stupidolddump7.whatistheimportanceofbasicwordstock?Thebasicwordstockisthefoundationofthevocabularyaccumulatedovercenturiesandformsthecommoncoreofthelanguage.fivecharacteristics:allnationalcharacter,stability,productivity,polysemy,collocability8.9.Whatareneologisms?Giveoneexampletoillustrateit.Neologismsarenewly-createdwordsorexpressions,orwordsthathavetakenonnewmeanings.Hereisoneexample:E-mail:electronicmail,chapter2Threemodesofvocabularydevelopment1.Creation–theformationofnewwordsbyusingtheexistingmaterials,namelyroots,affixesandotherelements.(Thisisthemostimportantwayofvocabularyexpansion.)2.Semanticchange-anoldformwhichtakeonanewmeaningtomeetthenewneed.3.Borrowing–totakeinwordsfromotherlanguages.(particularlyinearliertime)4.OldEnglish(450-1150)The1stpeopleknowntoinhabitEnglandwereCelts,thelanguagewasCeltic.ThesecondlanguagewastheLatinoftheRomanLegions.aftertheRomansAftertheRomans,TheGermanictribescalledangles,SaxonsandJutesandtheirlanguage,Anglo-SaxondominatedandblottedouttheCeltic.NowpeoplerefertoAnglo-SaxonasoldEnglish.OldEnglishhasavocabularyofabout50,000to60,000words.ItwasahighlyinflectedlanguagejustlikemodernGerman.6.NormanConquest:theNormansinvadedEnglandfromFrancein1066.theNormanConqueststartedacontinualflowofFrenchwordsintoEnglish.NormanFrenchbecamethepolitespeech.75%ofthemarestillinusetoday.Thesituationof3languages(French,English,Latin)existingsimultaneouslycontinuedforoveracentury..7.Renaissance:IntheearlyperiodofmodernEnglish,EuropesawanewupsurgeoflearningancientGreekandRomanclassics.ThisisknowninhistoryastheRenaissance.LatinandGreekwererecognizedasthelanguageoftheWesternworld'sgreatliteraryheritageandofgreatscholarship.revivingarchaicwords:wordsorformsthatwereonceincommonusebutarenowrestrictedonlytospecializedorlimiteduse.Theyarefoundmainlyinolderpoems,legaldocumentandreligiouswritingorspeech.8..WhydowesayEnglishisaheavyborrower?Pleasejustilyit.Englishisaheavyborrowerandhasadoptedwordsfromallothermajorlanguagesoftheworld.ItisestimatedthatEnglishborrowingsconstitute80%ofthemodernEnglishvocabulary.AsisstatedinEncyclopediaAmericana,TheEnglishlanguagehasvastdebts.Inanydictionarysome80%oftheentriesareborrowed.eg.kowtoufromChina,longtimenoseefromhaojiubujian(China),theworddreamoriginallymeantjoyandmusic,itsmodernmeaningwasborrowedlaterfromtheNorse.9.ModernEnglish(1150-1500):ModernEnglishbeganwiththeestablishmentofprintinginEnglish.wordendingsweremostlylostwithjustafewexceptions.ModernEnglishisconsideredtobeananalyticlanguage.1112.InthemiddleEnglishperiod,whatmadeFrenchadominantlanguageinEngland?In1066,inthehistoryofEngland,therewasNormanConquest.TheFrench-speakingNormansweretherulingclass.Frenchwasusedforallstateaffairsandformostsocialandculturalmatters.Therefore,thosewhowereinpowerspokeFrench,thosewhowereliteratereadandwroteinFrench;andanyyoungmanwhosoughttoearnhislivingascribelearnedLatinorFrenchbecausetherewasnomarketforsuchservicesinEnglish.TheNormanConqueststartedacontinualflowofFrenchwordsintoEnglish.13.Whathappenedinthemid-seventeenthcenturyinEngland?EnglandexperiencedtheBourgeoisieRevolutionfollowedbytheIndustrialRevolutionandrosetobeagreateconomicpower.14.WhatarethethreemainsourcesofnewEnglishwords?Threemainsourcesofnewwords.TherapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnologySocial,economicandpoliticalchanges.Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguageschapterthree1.Morpheme---Amorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitofalanguage.(Thesmallestfunctionalunitinthecompositionofwords.)2.Morph---Amorphememustberealizedbydiscreteunits.Theseactualspokenminimalcarriersofmeaningaremorphs.3.Monomorphenicwords–morphemesarerealizedbysinglemorphs.4.Allomorph---Somemorphemesarerealizedbymorethanonemorphaccordingtotheirposition.Suchalternativemorphsareallomorphemes.E.g.themorphemeofplurality(-s)hasanumberofallomorphemesindifferentsoundcontext,e.g.incats/s/,inbags/z/,inmatches/iz/.5.FreemorphemesorFreeroot---Themorphemeshavecompletemeaningandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences,e.g.cat,walk.Theyar