文体学的教案,

1■Course:EnglishStylistics■Time:Sep.6-30■Coursematerial:EnglishStylistics:ANewCourseBook《新编英语文体学教程》董启明编著外语教学与研究出版社■Teachingprocedure:PartOneTheoreticalPreliminaries(理论预备)andMajorVarieties（主要变体）ofEnglishChapter1StyleandStylistics1.1Introduction1.WhatisLanguage?Andinwhichaspectsoflanguagedoesstylisticsfocuson?A.Languageistheprimaryobjectofthestudyoflinguistics,andlinguistsconstructtheoriesoflanguageingeneralorofparticularlanguagesfromdifferingpointsofview.Thediscussionoftheconceptsofstyleshouldfocusonsomeessentialaspectsoflanguageonwhichmostlinguistsagree.B.Languageisviewedasasystemofdifferenttypesoflinguisticorganizationsuchasphonology,syntaxandlexicon.TheEnglishlanguageconsistsofitspatternofsounds,setsofgrammaticalrulesandalargebodyofvocabulary.C.Languageisalsoasocialphenomenon,orinstitution,wherebypeoplecommunicateandinteractwitheachother.Alanguageofaparticularsocietyispartofthesociety’sculture.Languageactivitiesoperatewithinsocialactivities.Thelanguageofaparticipantinasocialactivityreflectshissocialcharacteristics(suchashisstatus,ethnicgroup,ageandsex).Italsoreflectshisawarenessofthevariousfactorsofasocialsituationinwhichhefindshimself.Heshouldadjusthislanguageinaccordancewiththemediumofcommunication(speechorwriting),thesetting(privateorpublic),therelationshipwiththeaddressee(intermsofthedegreeofintimacyorsocialdistance),andthepurpose(toinform,topersuade,etc.).2.Varieties变体ofLanguage(variety=style)A.Varietiesinrelationtoregions----British/AmericanEnglishB.Varietiesinrelationtomedia----SpokenEnglish/WrittenEnglishC.Varietiesinrelationtoattitude----degreesofformality/politeness/impersonality/accessibilityD.Varietiesinrelationtosocialfactors----Women’sEnglish/BlackEnglish/TabooandEuphemismE.VarietiesinrelationtosocialGenre----TheEnglishofConversation/Publicspeaking/Newsreporting/Advertising/LiteraryEnglish(TheNovel/Poetry)/ScienceandTechnology/LegalDocuments3.Varietiesanalysistheory----Stylistics(文体学)★Essenceofstylistics:Appropriateuseoflanguageisconsideredthekeytoeffectivecommunication.e.g.Howtosuckanegg?(ExampleandAnalysis:Page3)★Analysis:Thedifferenceliesinthefactthattheyoungstudentusedsomebigandformalwords,suchasperforation(齿孔,hole),apex(顶点，最高点top),aperture(小孔，缝隙，opening),inhaling（吸气）discharged（流出）,whichmadeherutterancedifficulttounderstand,especiallybyanoldwomanwithoutmucheducation,whiletheoldwomanusedinformalwords,suchasgal,hole,endandsuck.Asaresult,herutteranceiseasytounderstand.2★Note:Differentstylesshouldbeusedondifferentoccasions,andthekeytotheeffectiveuseoflanguageis“appropriateness”,andthekeytoeffectivecommunicationistheabilitytouselanguageappropriately,otherwisewecannotachieveourpurposeofcommunication.1.2DefinitionsofStyle/Stylistics/Text1.TextDefinition:ATEXTisanypassage,spokenorwritten,ofwhateverlength,thatformsaunifiedwhole.Itmaybetheproductofasinglespeaker/writer(e.g.asign,aletter,anewsreport,astatue,anovel),orthatofseveralspeakers(e.g.apieceofconversation,adebate).Forexample,Twoboysstoodnearajeweller’sshop.Theysawamanbreaktheshopwindowandstealallthewatches.Theyranafterhim,becausetheytookhimforathief.Analysis:Atextisrealizedbyasequenceoflanguageunits,whethertheyaresentencesornot.Theconnectionamongpartsofatextisachievedbyvariouscohesivedevices,andbysemanticandpragmaticimplication.Inthetextyoumaynoticethefollowingmodifications,whichserveas1)grammaticalcohesivedevices:(a)theuseofthedefinitearticleonsecondmention,e.g.ashop----theshopaman----theman(b)thesubstitutionofpronounsfornouns.e.g.twoboys----they(c)theuseofconjunction.e.g.Theyranafterhim,because…2)thelexicalcohesioninthetextisrealizedbythecollocationofthewordsthatareinsomewayorothertypicallyassociatedwithoneanother,e.g.stealallthewatches;tookhimforathief2.StyleDefinition—Mannersindicatingprominentlinguisticfeatures,devicesorpatterns,most(atleast)frequentlyoccurinaparticulartextofaparticularvarietyoflanguage.Analysis:①Manners(appropriateness)[StudyAims]indicatingprominent②a)linguisticfeatures(phonological/lexical/syntactic/grammatical/semanticfeatures),b)devices(devicemarkers)orc)Patterns(文体/语体常规“型式”)[StudyScope]③most(orleast)frequentlyoccur(words/sentencespercentage)[StudyApproach]inaparticular④text(语篇、篇章、文本)ofaparticular⑤varietyoflanguage.[StudyMaterial]2.StylisticsDefinition----Stylisticsisabranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesstyleinascientificwayconcerningthemanners/linguisticfeaturesofdifferentvarietiesoflanguageatdifferentlevels.Abranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesstyleinascientificandsystematicway[StudyApproach]concerningthemanners/linguisticfeatures[StudyAims]ofdifferentvarietiesoflanguage[StudyScopes]atdifferentlevels[StudyScopes].1.4TheDevelopmentofStylistics3Table1IntheWestTimeRepresentativesWorks1.Ancient“rhetoric(修辞)”famousancientGreekphilosophersSocrates,PlatoandAristotle,etal.allcontributedalottothisbranchoflearning.2.RootofStylistics1)Word“stylistics”firstappearedonlyin1882.2)Firstbookonstylistics-----landmarkofmodernstylisticswrittenbyaFrenchscholarCharlesBally,studentofthefamousmodernlinguistFerdinanddeSaussurein1902.publishedin19