美国联邦储蓄保险公司对银行危机的应对

GaloCevallos,SeniorInternationalAdvisorOfficeofInternationalAffairsFederalDepositInsuranceCorporation，美国联保储蓄保险公司国际事务部高级国际顾问戈罗萨瓦耶思PreservingFinancialStability:FDICResponsetotheUSBankingCrisis保护金融稳定：美国联邦储蓄保险公司对银行危机所作出的反应ProgramOutlineUSBankingSectorOverview美国银行业概览•PostCrisisFinancialCondition危机后的金融状况•RegulatoryFrameworkandRoleoftheFDIC监管框架和FDIC所起的作用RespondingtotheCrisis对危机的应对•ImmediateActions立即采取的行动•ManagingaRiseinBankFailures管理越来越多的破产银行•StrengtheningtheUSDepositInsuranceSystemfortheFuture为了将来而强化美国的储蓄保险体制RegulatoryReform监管改革•Dodd-FrankWallStreetReformandConsumerProtectionAct多德弗兰克华尔街改革以及消费者保护法•FDIC:ImpactandImplementationChallengesFDIC:影响以及实施上的困难FDICResponsetotheBankingCrisisFDIC对银行业危机的应对ProgramOverview课程概览OverviewofU.S.BankingSystemLarge,diverseandcomplexAmplyRegulatedStressed•7,513insuredinstitutions;US$13.6trillioninassets;US$6.54trillionininsureddeposits;mediancommercialbanksizeUS$154million;largestUSbank–US$1.79trillioninassets•ThreeFederaland50Statesupervisors三个联邦监管机构，再加上50个州的监管机构•ROA:0.86%;ROE:7.65%;NIM:3.64%;LeverageRatio:9.2%;865ProblemBanks;96%ofbankshaving99.2%oftotalbankingassetsareconsideredwellcapitalized,asdefinedforPromptCorrectiveActionpurposes*DataasofJune2011USBankingSectorOverview美国银行业概览PostCrisisFinancialCondition危机后金融状况美国银行业体制概览大，多元化且复杂有7531家受保险机构；资产达13.6万亿美元；受到保险的储蓄达6.54万亿美元。美国的中间商业银行的规模为1亿5千4百万美元，美国最大的银行的资产为1.79万亿美元有足够的监管虚弱不堪Earnings,AssetQuality,andCapitalallaffectedduringcrisisandarestillweakbyhistoricalstandards.However,theindustryhasbeguntoseeamodestrecovery.USBankingSectorOverview银行业概览PostCrisisFinancialCondition危机后的金融状况收益，资产质量以及资本在危机中均受到影响，按照历史标准衡量仍十分衰弱，然而该行业已经有所恢复。资本比率准备金比率Numberof“Problem”DepositoryInstitutionsisatan18-yearhighAsofJune30,20111167028848658025276505213629.928.36.68.322.2159.4402.839037238.901002003004005006007008009001000Dec-02Dec-03Dec-04Dec-05Dec-06Dec-07Dec-08Dec-09Dec-10Jun-11NumberofProblemBanks-5050150250350450550650750ProblemBanks:TotalAssets(In$Billions)USBankingSectorOverview银行业概览PostCrisisFinancialCondition危机后的金融状况“问题”储蓄银行的数量为18年以来最高问题银行的数量问题银行的总资产10亿为单位KeyFDICFunctionsDepositInsurance•ProvideFederaldepositinsuranceforbanksandSavingsassociationsintheUnitedStates.为美国的银行和储蓄业提供联邦储蓄保险•Sweepingdepositinsurancereform–somepermanent,otherstemporary;US$3.9billioninDIFund(Reserves);0.06%FundRatio(March2011)BankSupervision•Superviseandenforceconsumerprotectionlawsatstate-charterednonmemberbanks.对在各州内成立的非成员银行进行监管并实施消费者保护法•Primaryfederalsupervisorfor4,723banks;examinedevery12–18months;In2010,7,776riskmanagementandspecialtyexaminationswereconducted.(Dec.2010)ResolutionsandReceiverships•ActasReceiverforfailedbanksandthrifts,reimbursedepositors,andliquidateassets.接管破产银行和储蓄机构，赔偿储户，并变卖破产银行资产•February2007-Firstbankfailureinalmostthreeyears;totalof3banksfailin2007;Over300failuresbetween2008and2010;Almost70in2011todate;nodepositorhaseverlostapennyofinsureddeposits.USBankingSectorOverview美国银行业概览RoleoftheFDIC美国联邦储蓄保险银行所发挥的作用FDIC的主要功能提供储蓄保险监管银行清算和托管PrimaryBusinessFunctions:主要业务职能DepositInsurance储蓄保险KeyFeaturesoftheUSDepositInsuranceSystem美国储蓄保险体制的主要特点•Designedtoprotectsmalldepositorsandpromotemarketdiscipline保护小储户并推动市场的约束力•Membershipiscompulsoryandfundingprovidedbytheinsured强制性会员制，且资金有受保险人支付•Coverage-$250,000保险额：25万美元•Reliableex-anterisk-basedfundingsourcesprovidedbyindustrywithequallyreliablecontingencyfundingarrangements;事先有来自行业的以风险为基础的可靠资金来源，并伴有同样可靠的备用资金安排•Powersandauthoritiesaresufficientlybroadandflexibletorespondtochangingenvironment;权利和权威足够广泛，能够灵活应对多变的环境•Depositinsurancesystemwellpublicizedandpublicdisclosuresrequiredbylaw;储蓄保险制度宣传到位，法律规定必须进行公共信息披漏TotalBaseAssessmentRates总基本收费率RiskCategoryI风险级别1RiskCategoryII风险级别2RiskCategoryIII风险级别3RiskCategoryIV风险级别4InitialBaseAssessmentRate初步基本收费率12–16223245UnsecuredDebtAdjustment无担保债务调整-5–0-5–0-5–0-5–0SecuredLiabilityAdjustment有担保债务调整0–80–110–160–22.5BrokeredDepositAdjustment通过经纪人进行的储蓄调整-0–100–100-10TotalBaseAssessmentRate总基本收费率7–24.017–43.027–58.040–77.5PrimaryBusinessFunctions:主要业务职能DepositInsurance储蓄保险PrimaryBusinessFunctions:主要业务职能DepositInsurance储蓄保险2008年3月31日－2011年6月30日储蓄保险的资金储备比率Priortoclosingabank,theFDICworkstogetherwithotherregulatorstoresolveweakbanks.关闭银行之前，FDIC与其它监管机构一起处理失去生命力的银行Onceaninstitutionisclosed,theFDICperformsresolutionsfunctionsandalsoactsasreceiverandliquidatestheassetsofthefailedbanks.机构一旦关闭，FDIC将发挥清算职能，成为托管者并开始变卖破产银行的资产ProblemInstitutions:Upto865(2011)from50(2006)有问题的机构：数量从2006年的50家上升到2011年的865家PrimaryBusinessFunctions:主要业务职能ResolutionsandReceivership清算和托管PrimaryBusinessFunctions:最主要的业务职能ResolutionsandReceivership清算和托管Priortoclosingabank,theFDICworkstogetherwithotherregulatorstoresolveweakbanks.关闭银行之前，FDIC与其它监管机构一起清算银行Onceaninstitutionisclosed,theFDICperformsresolutionsfunctionsandalsoactsasreceiverandliquidatestheassetsofthefailedbanks.机构一旦关闭，FDIC将发挥清算功能，并成为托管者并开始变卖破产银行的资产ProblemInstitutions:Upto888(2011)from50(2006)有问题的机构：数量从2006年的50家上升到2011年的888家•Bankfailures:58YTD;383since2007破产银行：至今日止：共58家，从2007年起共383家FailedBank倒闭的银行Receivership托管SelltheWholeBank出售全部资产SellDeposits&Branches出售储蓄部分&分行LiquidateAssets