学术英语(社科)Unit7原文及翻译

Introduction:UnderstandingtheImpactofNewMediaonJournalism1Journalismisundergoingafundamentaltransformation,perhapsthemostfundamentalsincetheriseofthepennypressofthemid-nineteenthcentury.Inthetwilightofthetwentiethcenturyandthedawnofthetwenty-first,thereisemerginganewformofjournalismwhosedistinguishingqualitiesincludeubiquitousnews,globalinformationaccess,instantaneousreporting,interactivity,multimediacontent,andextremecontentcustomization.Inmanywaysthisrepresentsapotentiallybetterformofjournalismbecauseitcanreengageanincreasinglydistrustingandalienatedaudience.Atthesametime,itpresentsmanythreatstothemostcherishedvaluesandstandardsofjournalism.Authenticityofcontent,sourceverification,accuracy,andtruthareallsuspectinamediumwhereanyonewithacomputerandamodemcanbecomeaglobalpublisher.2AlthoughtheeasyansweristopointtotheInternet,thereasonsforthetransformationofjournalismareneithersimplenorone-dimensional.Rather,asetofeconomic,regulatory,andculturalforces,drivenbytechnologicalchange,areconvergingtobringaboutamassiveshiftinthenatureofjournalismatthemillennium.3Thegrowthofaglobaleconomicsystem,madeupofregionaleconomies,allinterrelated(witnessthevolatilityintheworld’sfinancialmarketsinAugust1998,whendropsinAsianandRussianmarketstriggereddropsinEuropeanandU.S.markets)andincreasinglycontrolledbymultinationalcorporatebehemoths,hasrewrittenthefinancialbasisforjournalismandthemediaingeneral.Deregulation,asoutlinedintheU.S.TelecommunicationsActof1996and简介：了解新媒体对新闻的影响1新闻业正在发生根本性的变革，或许最根本的变革是十九世纪中叶的便士报的崛起。在二十世纪末和二十一初，新闻业出现了一种新的形式，显着的特点包括，ubiquitousnews，全球信息获取，即时报告，交互性，多媒体内容，和极端内容定制等。在许多方面，这表示新闻业有一个潜在的更好的形式，因为它可以重新接入数量渐增的不信任和已经疏远了的观众。同时，那也意味着给最珍贵的价值观和新闻标准带来了许多威胁。任何人通过一台电脑和一个调制解调器就可以怀疑信息内容的真实性，来源的可靠性，准确性和真理性，就像可以成为一个全球性的出版商一样。2尽管可以将答案简单地指向互联网，但是新闻业转变的原因既不简单，也不是单一的。相反，在千禧之年，被技术变革驱动的经济，管理和文化的力量，正在融合并将给新闻的性质带来一个巨大的转变。3由区域经济组成的全球经济体系的增长已经改写了新闻业和大众媒体的财政基础。它与跨国公司巨头相互关联（1998年8月，见证了世界金融市场的波动性，当亚洲和俄罗斯市场的下降诱发欧洲和美国市场下降的时候），并且越来越受跨国公司巨头的控制。放宽管制已经催生了新闻通信业日益强大的竞争力（其中电信私有化一直是驱动力），1996年美国电信法概述了放宽管制的内容，并在世界上的其他许多地方上演着类似的方式。playedoutinlikefashioninmanyotherpartsoftheworld(whereprivatizationoftelecommunicationshasbeenadrivingforce),hasspawnedincreasinglypowerfulcompetitiveforcesinjournalismandcommunications.Theendofthecoldwarhasunleashedavarietyofpent-upculturalandpoliticalforcesthathaveyettostabilize.Together,theseforceshavecreatedanenvironmentofuncertaintyforjournalismasitentersthisnewageinwhichthealignmentofsuperpowershasbeenfundamentallyaltered,shareholdersarethemostimportantstakeholders,andcompetitionismorelikelytocomefromasoftwarecompanybasedinRedmond,Washington,thanfromthecross-townnewspaperorbroadcaster.4Fuelingthischangingenvironmenthasbeentheemergenceofthefirstandperhapsmostpowerfulmediumofglobalinteractivecommunications.AsJamesCareywrites,“TheInternetshouldbeunderstoodasthefirstinstanceofaglobalcommunicationsystem.Thatsystem,inturn,isdisplacinganationalsystemofcommunicationswhichcameintoexistenceattheendofthenineteenthcenturyasaresultoftherailroadandtelegraph,andwas‘perfected’insubsequentinnovationsthroughtelevisioninthenetworkera.”5ButinmanywaystheInternetismerelyaproduct,orsymptom,ofamorefundamentaltechnologicalchangethathasbeenunderwayforthepasthalf-centuryandonlynowisbeginningtocrystallize:theconvergenceoftelecommunications,computing,andtraditionalmedia.Together,thisnewmediasystemembracesallformsofhumancommunicationinadigitalformatwheretherulesandconstraintsoftheanalogworldnolongerapply.Somewouldquestionwhetherthisconvergenceisactuallyoccurring.Theywouldpointtothefactthatmost冷战的结束释放了还没有稳定下来的各种被压抑的文化和政治力量。同时，这些势力已经创造了不确定性新闻业的环境，因为它进入了一个超级大国调整发生根本变化的时代。股东是最重要的利益相关者，并且竞争比之从跨镇的报纸或广播来讲，更可能来自总部设在华盛顿雷德蒙市的软件公司。4这种环境改变的加速促使了第一个也可能是最强大的媒体——交互式通讯媒体的出现。正如詹姆斯凯里写道，“互联网应该被理解为一个全球通信系统的第一个实例。反过来，这一系统取代了自十九世纪末以来的以铁路和电报为结果的国家通讯系统，并通过网络时代的电视等随后的革新得以完善。“5但在很多方面互联网仅仅是过去半个世纪中根本技术变革的一个产品，或症状，而现在正开始具体化：通讯，计算和传统媒体的融合。同时，这个新媒体系统包括人们通过数字格式交流的所有形式，其中模拟世界的规则和约束不再适用。有些人会质疑这种融合是否真正发生。peoplearoundtheworldin2000stilldonothaveacomputerinthehomeandthatinmosthomesthatdohaveacomputer,theTVsetandthecomputerarestillseparatedevices.TheywouldnotethatevenintheUnitedStatesin2000mostTVsetsdonotconnecttoatelephonelineoranyothermediumof“upstream”communicationcapability(i.e.,theabilityfortheaudiencemembertosendinformationaswellasreceiveit).6Thetrendtowardconvergenceisundeniable,however,ifnotyetcomplete.By2000morethaneightmillionU.S.householdsaswellasmillionsmoreinJapanandmanyotherpartsoftheworldhadsubscribedtodigitalbroadcastingservicessuchasDirecTV,whichlinksTVsetstoasystemofdigitalvideo(i.e.,computerized)andatelephoneline(whichisrequiredfortheDBStooperate)fororderingpay-per-viewprogramsandthelike.Moreover,morethantwentymillionindividualssubscribetoAmericaOnline(AOL)andmorethanseventimesthatnumberareconnectedtotheInternetthroughhome,work,orschool,reflectingagrowingconnectivitybetweencomputerandtelecommunications.7Notonlyisthetechnologycomingtogether,butconvergenceisalsooccurringintherealmofmediaownership.HundredsofbillionsofdollarsworthofmergersandacquisitionsoccurredintheInte