四K-5阅读标准基本技能

P16-17ReadingStandards:FoundationalSkills(K–5)阅读标准：基本技能(K–5)Thesestandardsaredirectedtowardfosteringstudents’understandingandworkingknowledgeofconceptsofprint,thealphabeticprinciple,andotherbasicconventionsoftheEnglishwritingsystem.Thesefoundationalskillsarenotanendinandofthemselves;rather,theyarenecessaryandimportantcomponentsofaneffective,comprehensivereadingprogramdesignedtodevelopproficientreaderswiththecapacitytocomprehendtextsacrossarangeoftypesanddisciplines.Instructionshouldbedifferentiated:goodreaderswillneedmuchlesspracticewiththeseconceptsthanstrugglingreaderswill.Thepointistoteachstudentswhattheyneedtolearnandnotwhattheyalreadyknow—todiscernwhenparticularchildrenoractivitieswarrantmoreorlessattention.这些标准直接针对培养学生关于印刷出版物、按字母顺序的原则和英语写作系统其他基本原则的概念的理解和应用知识。这些基本的技能并不是目的本身，相反，它们是一份有效、全面的阅读计划的必要和重要的组成部分，该阅读计划旨在培养具有熟练的阅读与理解各种类型和学科的文本的能力的读者。应该进行有差异的指导：高水平的读者相比在阅读中苦苦挣扎的读者在对于这些概念的练习会少得多。关键是教学生了解他们需要学习什么而不是他们已经知道什么——辨别时特别是儿童或活动值得受到或多或少的关注。Note:Inkindergarten,childrenareexpectedtodemonstrateincreasingawarenessandcompetenceintheareasthatfollow.在幼儿园里，孩子们被期望能在以下的领域中表现出越来越多的意识和能力。K年级1年级2年级3年级4年级5年级PrintConcepts纸质出版物的概念1.Demonstrateunderstandingoftheorganizationandbasicfeaturesofprint.表明对纸质出版物的组织和基本特征的理解。1.Demonstrateunderstandingoftheorganizationandbasicfeaturesofprint表明对纸质出版物的组织和基本特征的理解。a.Followwordsfromlefttoright,toptobottom,andpagebypage.按照从左到右，从上到下，一页接一a.Recognizethedistinguishingfeaturesofasentence(e.g.,firstword,页的语言顺序。capitalization,endingpunctuation)认识和区分句子的特点（例如，第一个单词，大小写，结束标点符号）b.Recognizethatspokenwordsarerepresentedinwrittenlanguagebyspecificsequencesofletters.认识到口头的语言在书面语言中的表达，通过字母的特定的排序。c.Understandthatwordsareseparatedbyspacesinprint.理解在出版物中由空格分隔的词语d.Recognizeandnameallupper-andlowercaselettersofthealphabet认识并且能说出字母表中所有大写和小写字母PhonologicalAwareness音韵意识2.Demonstrateunderstandingofspokenwords,syllables,andsounds(phonemes).表明对口语的词，音节和发音（音素）的理解2.Demonstrateunderstandingofspokenwords,syllables,andsounds(phonemes).表明对口语的词，音节和发音（音素）的理解a.Recognizeandproducerhymingwords.认识并能说出押韵的词a.Distinguishlongfromshortvowelsoundsinspokensingle-syllablewords.区分在口语的单音节词中的长和短元音的发音b.Count,pronounce,blend,andsegmentsyllablesinspokenwords.能数清、发音、混合和划分口语词汇中的音节。b.Orallyproducesingle-syllablewordsbyblendingsounds(phonemes),includingconsonantblends.通过包括辅音的混读方法发音单音节词。c.Blendandsegmentonsetsandrimesofsingle-syllablespokenwords.混合和分割单音节词的首尾音c.Isolateandpronounceinitial,medialvowel,andfinalsounds(phonemes)inspokensingle-syllablewords.单独地发出口语中单音节词的第一个音素，中间的元音和最后的音素。d.Isolateandpronouncetheinitial,medialvowel,andfinalsounds(phonemes)inthree-phoneme(consonant-vowel-consonant,orCVC)words.*(ThisdoesnotincludeCVCsendingwith/l/,/r/,or/x/.)单独地发出三音节（辅音—元音—辅音，或缩写CVC)词的第一个音素，中间的元音和最后的音素。（不包括以/l/,/r/,或/x/结尾的单词）d.Segmentspokensingle-syllablewordsintotheircompletesequenceofindividualsounds(phonemes).将口语的单音节词语划分为独立音节组成的完整序列。e.Addorsubstituteindividualsounds(phonemes)insimple,one-syllablewordstomakenewwords.添加或替换简单的单音节词中个别发音（音素）来造新字。PhonicsandWordRecognition拼音和词语的识别3.Knowandapplygrade-levelphonicsandwordanalysisskillsindecodingwords.知道和应用在词语构成中各级别的发音和词语分析的技3.Knowandapplygrade-levelphonicsandwordanalysisskillsindecoding3.Knowandapplygrade-levelphonicsandwordanalysisskillsindecoding3.Knowandapplygrade-levelphonicsandwordanalysisskillsindecoding3.Knowandapplygrade-levelphonicsandwordanalysisskillsindecoding3.Knowandapplygrade-levelphonicsandwordanalysisskillsindecoding能。words.知道和应用在词语构成中各级别的发音和词语分析的技能。words.知道和应用在词语构成中各级别的发音和词语分析的技能。words.知道和应用在词语构成中各级别的发音和词语分析的技能。words.知道和应用在词语构成中各级别的发音和词语分析的技能。words.知道和应用在词语构成中各级别的发音和词语分析的技能。a.Demonstratebasicknowledgeofone-to-oneletter-soundcorrespondencesbyproducingtheprimarysoundormanyofthemostfrequentsoundsforeachconsonant.通过发基本音或每个辅音的多数常用音来展示基本的字母与发音的对应关系。a.Knowthespelling-soundcorrespondencesforcommonconsonantdigraphs.了解常见辅音字母组合对应的字形和字音。a.Distinguishlongandshortvowelswhenreadingregularlyspelledone-syllablewords.读到常见的单音节词时能够区分长元音和短元音。a.Identifyandknowthemeaningofthemostcommonprefixesandderivationalsuffixes.能识别和了解常见前缀和派生后缀的含义a.Usecombinedknowledgeofallletter-soundcorrespondences,syllabicationpatterns,andmorphology(e.g.,rootsandaffixes)toreadaccuratelyunfamiliarmultisyllabicwordsincontextandoutofcontext.结合字母与读音的对应关系、音节划分模式和词形学（如词根和词缀）的知识来准确读出文中或文外的非常见多音节词。a.Usecombinedknowledgeofallletter-soundcorrespondences,syllabicationpatterns,andmorphology(e.g.,rootsandaffixes)toreadaccuratelyunfamiliarmultisyllabicwordsincontextandoutofcontext.结合字母与读音的对应关系、音节划分模式和词形学（如词根和词缀）的知识来准确读出文中或文外的非常见多音节词。b.Associatethelongandshortsoundswithcommonspellings(graphemes)fortheb.Decoderegularlyspelledone-syllablewords.b.Knowspelling-soundcorrespondencesforb.DecodewordswithcommonLatinsuffixes.fivemajorvowels.将长音和短音与五个主要元音的拼写（字母）联系起来能识别规则拼写的单音节词。additionalcommonvowelteams.知道其他常见元音组合的拼写和发音。能识别带有常见拉丁后缀的单词。c.Readcommonhigh-frequencywordsbysight(e.g.,the,of,to,you,she,my,is,are,do,does).看到就能读出高频出现的词。（如the,of,to,you,she,my,is,are,do,does）c.Knowfinal-eandcommonvowelteamconventionsforrepresentinglongvowelsounds知道表示长元音的结尾为e和常见元音字母组合规则。c.Decoderegul