大学英语语言学期末考试名词解释和论述答案

名词解释1.CompetenceandPerformance:•ThedistinctionisdiscussedbytheAmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950’s.•Competence----theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.•Performance----theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.(AmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950’sproposedthedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Thisinternalizedsetofrulesenablesthelanguageusertoproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentencesandrecognizesentencesthatareungrammaticalandambiguous.AccordingtoChomsky,performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Althoughthespeaker’sknowledgeofhismothertongueisperfect,hisperformancesmayhavemistakesbecauseofsocialandpsychologicalfactorssuchasstress,embarrassment,etc..Chomskybelievesthatwhatlinguistsshouldstudyisthecompetence,whichissystematic,nottheperformance,whichistoohaphazard.)2.Sociolinguistics:isthesub-fieldoflinguisticsthatstudiestherelationbetweenlanguageandsociety,betweentheusesoflanguageandthesocialstructuresinwhichtheusersoflanguagelive.(Itisafieldofstudythatassumesthathumansocietyismadeupofmanyrelatedpatternsandbehaviors,someofwhicharelinguistic.)3.LanguageAcquisition:referstothechild’sacquisitionofhismothertongue,i.e.howthechildcomestounderstandandspeakthelanguageofhiscommunity.(Languageacquisitionisconcernedwithlanguagedevelopmentinhumans.Ingeneral,languageacquisitionreferstochildren’sdevelopmentoftheirfirstlanguage,thatis,thenativelanguageofthecommunityinwhichachildhasbeenbroughtup.)4.theSapir-Whorfhypothesis:TheSapir-WhorfhypothesisisatheoryputforwardbytheAmericananthropologicallinguistsSapirandWhorf(andalsoabeliefheldbysomescholars).Itstatesthatthewaypeopleviewtheworldisdeterminedwhollyorpartlybythestructureoftheirnativelanguage.(2)TheSapir-Whorfhypothesisconsistsoftwoparts,i.e.linguisticdeterminismandrelativism.Whorfproposedfirstthatallhigherlevelsofthinkingaredependentonlanguage.Orputitmorebluntly,languagedeterminesthought,i.e.thenotionoflinguisticdeterminism.Becauselanguagesdifferinmanyways,Whorfalsobelievedthatspeakersofdifferentlanguagesperceiveandexperiencetheworlddifferently,i.e.relativetotheirlinguisticbackground,hencethenotionoflinguisticrelativism.5.Phrasestructurerule:Thegrammaticalmechanismthatregulatesthearrangementofelementsthatmakeupaphraseiscalledaphrasestructurerule,suchas:NP→(Det)+N+(PP)……e.g.thosepeople,thefishontheplate,prettygirls.VP→(Qual)+V+(NP)……e.g.alwaysplaygames,finishassignments.AP→(Deg)+A+(PP)……veryhandsome,verypessimistic,familiarwith,veryclosetoPP→(Deg)+P+(NP)……ontheshelf,intheboat,quitenearthestation.Theboylikedthedog.(Thecombinationalpatterninalinearformulamaybecalledaphrasestructuralrule,orrewriterule[重写规则].)6.Arbitrariness:Theformoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.Thelinkbetweenthemisamatterofconvention.(Itmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Forinstance,thereisnonecessaryrelationshipbetweentheworddogandtheanimalitrefersto.Thefactthatdifferentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguagesandthatthesamesoundmaybeusedtorefertodifferentobjectsisanothergoodexample.Althoughlanguageisarbitrarybynature,itisnotentirelyarbitrary.Somewords,suchasthewordscreatedintheimitationofsoundsbysoundsaremotivatedinacertaindegree.Thearbitrarynatureoflanguagemakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions.)7.narrowtranscription:transcriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics.Thisisthetranscriptionrequiredandusedbythephoneticiansintheirstudyofspeechsounds.(Thenarrowtranscriptionisthetranscriptionwithdiacriticstoshowdetailedarticulatoryfeaturesofsounds.)8.SecondLanguageAcquisition:SecondLanguageAcquisition(SLA)referstothesystematicstudyofhowonepersonacquiresasecondlanguagesubsequenttohisnativelanguage.(SLAisviewedasaprocessofcreativeconstruction,inwhichalearnerconstructsaseriesofinternalrepresentationsthatcomprisesthelearner'sinterimknowledgeofthetargetlanguage,knownasinterlingua.ThisisthelanguagethatalearnerconstructsatagivenstageofSLA.Specifically,interlanguageconsistsofaseriesofinterlockingandapproximatelinguisticsystemsin-betweenandyetdistinctfromthelearner'snativeandtargetlanguages.Itrepresentsthelearner’stransitionalcompetencemovingalongalearningcontinuumstretchingfromone’sLIcompetencetothetargetlanguagecompetence.Asatypeoflinguisticsysteminitsownright,interlanguageisaproductofL2training,mothertongueinterference,overgeneralizationofthetargetlanguagerules,andcommunicativestrategiesofthelearner.Iflearnerswereprovidedsufficientandtherightkindoflanguageexposureandopportunitiestointeractwithlanguageinput,theirinterlanguagewoulddevelopgraduallyinthedirectionofthetargetlanguagecompetence.)9.senseandreference:Senseandreferencearebothconcernedwiththestudyofwordmeaning.Theyaretworelatedbutdifferentaspectsofmeaning.Sense—isconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform;itisabstractandde-contextualized.Itisth