国际商法概念中英对照

合同法合同的成立要件：通过要约和承诺达成合意（Agreement）当事人具有缔约能力（thelegalcapacitytocontract)存在对价（Consideration）或对价（Cause）合同形式符合法律规定具备合法性合意必须真实（Intentionofparties）要约（Offer）要约人offerer受要约人offeree邀请邀约invitationforoffer要约的确定性definiteness要约人受约束的意旨intentiontobebound特定人specificpersons要约的撤回withdrawalofoffer要约的撤销revocationofoffer确定的要约firmoffer要约的消灭/终止termination承诺Acceptance镜像规则mirrorimagerule反要约counteroffer承诺生效的时间英美法：邮箱规则：mailboxrule(发出时有效，有利于受要约人，缩短要约人可撤销要约的时间）大陆法：德国、合同通则：到达生效原则receiptrule合同的效力Validity有效合同legal无效合同void可撤销合同avoidable效力待定/不可强制执行的合同影响合同效力的因素：错误mistake：重大误解substantialmisunderstanding欺诈fraud胁迫duress显失公平不正当影响undueinfluence不履行（non-performance）可免责的不履行excusednon-performance不可抗力forcemajeure/impedimentbeyondcontrol:无法控制；无法预见；无法避免；无法克服重大违约materialbreach轻微违约minorbreach预期违约anticipatorybreachofcontract违约的救济方式remediesforbreachofcontract实际履行specificperformance撤销合同avoidanceofthecontract损害赔偿damages损害的减轻：避免受损害方消极坐等宽限期graceperiod商事组织法商事组织形式formsofbusinessentities个人企业individualproprietorship合伙企业partnership公司corporation合伙连带责任jointandseveralliabilities注册申请书applicationforregistration合伙协议partnershipagreement合伙人身份证明identitypaperofpartners接纳新合伙人admissionofnewpartners解散dissolution清算liquidation公司法独立法人independentlegalperson否认公司人格disregardingthecorporateentity揭开公司的面纱piercingthecorporateveil发起人promoter公司章程articlesofassociation/corporatecharter/certificateofincorporation公司组织大纲memorandumofassociation经营范围businessscope公司资本thecapitalofcorporation注册资本registeredcapital授权资本authorizedcapital发行资本issuedsharecapital资本维持maintenanceofcapital实缴资本paid-upcapital公司资本的增加/增资raisingofcapital公司债debenture担保公司债/无担保公司债secured/unsecured记名/无记名公司债registered/unregistered转换/非转换公司债convertible公积金reservefunds法定公积金statutorycommonreserve任意公积金discretionarycommonreserve普通股commonshare优先股preferredstock期权options招股说明书prospectus董事会boardofdirectors执行董事会theexecutiveboard监事会thesupervisoryboard独立董事independentdirectors股东大会shareholdermeeting表决权votingright知情和查阅权righttoinformationandinspection异议股东股份回购请求权appraisingrightofdissentingshareholders起诉权righttosue派生诉讼derivativesuits优先购买权preemptiveright认股/出资义务subscriptionright定期会议/年会generalmeeting/annualmeeting临时大会temporarymeeting普通决议regularresolution特别决议specialresolution直接投票straightvoting累积投票cumulativevoting委托投票votingbyproxy委托书征集proxysolicitation信义义务fiduciaryduty忠实义务dutyofloyalty注意义务dutyofcare自我交易self-dealing管理人员薪酬executivecompensation滥用公司资产takingofcorporate‘sproperties动机不纯的公司行为corporateactionwithmixedactivities禁令/说明injunction/declaration损害赔偿damages/compensation返还财产restorationofproperty撤销合同recessionofcontracts利益归入公司accountingforprofits