PetroChinaTopic1_奥巴马政府执政下的美国能源政策

U.S.ENERGYPOLICYUNDERTHEOBAMAADMINISTRATIONANDLONG-TERMU.S.ENERGYMARKETTRENDS奥巴马政府执政下的美国能源政策和长期美国能源市场趋势讲课人：KarlBourdeau此演示文档的目的是为您提供最新的信息，但不作为提供法律建议而使用2TOPICSOVERVIEW题目概述1.ENERGYPOLICYUNDERTHEOBAMAADMINISTRATION奥巴马政府执政下的美国能源政策A.MAJORENERGYPOLICYPRINCIPLESANDGOALSOFTHEOBAMAADMINISTRATION奥巴马政府的主要能源政策原则和目标B.SPECIFICOBAMAADMINISTRATIONPOLICIESANDINITIATIVES奥巴马政府的具体政策和措施C.ADMINISTRATION’SORIENTATIONTOMAJORENERGYSOURCES主要能源资源的管理方向2.LONG-TERMU.S.ENERGYMARKETTRENDS长期美国能源市场趋势3ENERGYPOLICYUNDERTHEOBAMAADMINISTRATION奥巴马政府执政下的美国能源政策POLICYPRINCIPLESANDGOALS原则和目标•Climatechangemustbeaddressed.应对气候变化必须加以解决•AdministrationsupportsdevelopmentofU.S.naturalgasreservespartlybasedonclimateconcerns.基于对气候变化的担忧，政府支持发展部分美国天然气储藏•Hydraulicfracturingdesirablebasedonnaturalgas’slighterclimateimpactrelativetootherfossilfuels.•Environmentalconcernsaresurmountableandmanageable–ifapproachedwithcapablehands.环境问题是可以克服和管理的OBAMAENERGYPOLICY奥巴马能源政策4POLICYPRINCIPLESANDGOALS原则和目标•Near-termenvironmentalpolicygoals:近期环境政策目标•Lowerthegreenhousegas(“GHG”)intensityofcurrentcarbon-basedsources;降低以碳源为主的温室气体的排放强度•Continuedinvestmentinrenewableenergysources;追加在可再生能源领域的投资•Slowreturntonuclear.逐渐恢复在核能领域的发展•Longer-termenvironmentalpolicygoals:远期环境政策目标•Significantlystrongerrelianceonrenewables,nuclear,andlowest-emittingcarbonsources.加强对可再生资源，核能和低排放碳源的依赖5OBAMAENERGYPOLICY奥巴马能源政策POLICYPRINCIPLESANDGOALS原则和目标•U.S.policyregardinghydraulicfracturingdrivenbyeconomicandenvironmentalconsiderationsrelativetootherfossilfuels.美国水利压裂的政策受到与其他化石能源的经济和环境考虑所驱动。•Replacementofcoalbynaturalgasproduceseconomicandenvironmentalbenefits,includingsignificantgreenhousegasdividend.用天然气替代煤炭可产生经济和环境收益，包括显著的温室气体减少。•U.S.likelytobecomenetnaturalgasexporterby2020.美国可能在2020年前变成天然气净出口国。6OBAMAENERGYPOLICY奥巴马能源政策POLICYPRINCIPLESANDGOALS原则和目标•Despitenaturalgasboom,domesticoilproductionexpectedtobeamajorpartofU.S.energyfuture.尽管天然气现在是热潮，预计未来石油生产仍将是美国未来能源的重要组成部分。•PetroleumwillcontributetoU.S.energyindependence.石油将有助于美国能源独立•Goalistoreduceemissions–notproduction.目标是减少排放，而不是减少产量7OBAMAENERGYPOLICY奥巴马能源政策SPECIFICPOLICIESANDINITIATIVES具体政策举措•Climatechangeresponse气候变化对策•Legislativeresponsetoclimatechangenotpossibleundercurrentpoliticalconditions.AdministrationfocusingonadministrativeresponseundertheCleanAirAct.目前政治条件下不可能立法来响应气候变化。政府聚焦于根据空气清洁法案进行响应。•FollowingfindingbyU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(“EPA”)in2009thatsixgreenhousegasesconstitutea“threattopublichealthandwelfare,”EPAhasundertakenseveralpolicyinitiatives:继美国环保署（EPA）在2009年发现六种温室气体构成“威胁公众健康和福利”，环保署已采取了一些政策措施：Tighteremissionsstandardsfornewandexistingpowerplants;Tighteremissionsstandardsfornaturalgasproductionwells;Newemissionsreportingrequirements;Tightervehiclefuelandemissionsstandards;Renewablefuelrequirements.8OBAMAENERGYPOLICY奥巴马能源政策SPECIFICPOLICIESANDINITIATIVES具体政策举措•Climatechangeresponse气候变化对策•Tighteremissionsstandardsforpowerplants电厂实施更严格排放标准oEPAhasproposedstrictercarbonemissionsstandardsfornewpowerplants.Proposalwouldmakeitdifficultorimpossibletobuildnewcoal-basedpowerplants.Rulenotyetfinal.oEPAispreparingtoproposestrictercarbonemissionsstandardsforexistingpowerplants.Thisproposalismorecontroversial,asitwouldlikelyrequiremanyexistingcoal-firedpowerplantstoinstallcostlyemissionscontroltechnologyorfaceshutdown.oEPA’seffortsregardingcarbonemissionseffectivelyfavornaturalgasovercoal,creatingfurtherdemandfornaturalgasproduction.9OBAMAENERGYPOLICY奥巴马能源政策SPECIFICPOLICIESANDINITIATIVES具体政策举措•Climatechangeresponse气候变化对策•Tighteremissionsstandardsfornaturalgasproductionwells天然气井实施更严格的排放标准oNewperformancestandardforhydraulicallyfracturedwellsrequires“greencompletion”technologyonnatural-gasrelatedfrackingequipmentbeginningin2015.oRuleseekstoreduceemissionsofvolatileorganiccompounds(“VOCs”)by95percent.oRuledoesnotapplydirectlytomethaneemissions,butEPAexpectsmethaneemissionswillbereducedasanindirecteffectoftherequired“greencompletion”technology.EPAfaceslegalandpoliticalpressuretoincludemethaneemissionreductionsinafutureversionoftherule.10OBAMAENERGYPOLICY奥巴马能源政策SPECIFICPOLICIESANDINITIATIVES具体政策举措•Climatechangeresponse气候变化政策•Newemissionsreportingrequirements新的排放报告要求oEPAissuedrulein2009requiringreportingofGHGemissionsbygreenhousegasemitters,fossilfuelsuppliers,industrialgassuppliers,andfacilitiesthatinjectCO2underground.oRuleappliestofacilitieswithemissionsgreaterthan25,000metrictonsofCO2-equivalentperyear.RulealsoappliestosuppliersofproductsthatwillemitCO2whencombusted,releasedoroxidized.11OBAMAENERGYPOLICY奥巴马能源政策SPECIFICPOLICIESANDINITIATIVES具体政策举措•Climatechangeresponse气候变化对策•Tightervehiclefuelandemissionsstandards更严格的车用燃料和废气排放标准oObamaAdministrationorderedEPAtoworkwithNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministrationtodevelopajointprogramtoreduceGHGemissionsfromvehiclesandimprovevehiclefuelefficiency.oProgramsetsGHGemissionscapsandfuelefficiencyrequirementsaccordingtovehiclesize.Ruleappliestolight-dutyvehiclesthrough2025vehiclemodels.Similarprogramappliestoheavy-dutyvehicles–trucks,vans,buses,etc.–through2018vehiclemodels.oEmissionsandfuelefficiencytargets