从世界体系观点看战后台湾农业

勞力劉蘭∗勞力留domestic都來勞力WTO易烈念索勞力說勞力了異參狀來力理論省勞力度利勞更WTO勞力易∗勞力勞力見諸論諸說李1980李1987199219971950年了度益不了糧料了了來累了了1970年不理料度例糧金立糧金糧勵1970年來臨勞力福利類福利1996了來1978年易降率1980115-1172不行1982年錄金金59.4261994142-161量降勞力臨易GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradeGATTWTOGATT拉UruguayRoundCairnsGroup12002年易WorldTradeOrganizationWTOWTOAgricultureAgreementWTO立Capital流易21980年11易1991年9理理GATT拉1993年1215立WTO理行拉31995年121易1CairnsGroup14利倫利來紐蘭律拉參李來立1998年46-49陸CostaRicaGuatemalaSouthAfrica17易參見不蘭丹糧益不3易了了GATT立易GATT易都GATTWTOGATTWTO易3易立12易:WTO4降年行拉率行年年六年降年年年降降率六年降年降降年年年年年量量六年量理列錄量度六年年年年a年年量量年類料數量量年年六年降GATT更更4WTO參年易不度年數年六年金數量年金數量年度年年量數量諾5諾年類來年降年降降年年年易類不類量理類WTO易AMS糧度糖契5諾參度葉契度勵金1990-1992年AMS177諾WTO2000年AMS20金35WTO落降理利力來不力易利利年domesticaffair行globalperspective來益WTO理勞力福利度勞力度來1989年福利福利立葉199419976論參見PhilipMcMichaelGlobalfoodpoliticsMonthlyReviewNewYork;Jul/Aug1998P.97-111.620007福利老年金量勞不福利參年金老年年金年金年金勞力勵離練年領8年金度量都行立來論領見了17略聯例39勵離論度來度參1980盧1980度老率年率1992福來1999年金行年零年2000福利林71989年老年金1995年8見聯行理2003/10/13拓立論北樓71995離年金來理行勵離論年老年勞不勞力老年勞力年不論勞力老兩識勞力老兩度老年年度老年年老年年金度20003老福利()年輪年狀率勞力老年勞力年留來勞力老1989離(年金)老離利勞力復老年不利糧離勞力離略量8supplyside降力見諸不拓demandside例領論勞力論DependentDependencyTheory歷historical-structurePang1988,EvansandPang1989,Lee1991Winckler1988:272-274Weberianverstehen度說了NewlyIndustrializedCountries19901993精神不易量力coercion1980年來度1999WTOAPEC不切拉來了易勞力不更易不利I.Wallerstein1930-World–SystemsAnalysis來勞力理論9(Theworldisasingledivisionoflaborbutmultiplepolitiesandculturesexistedwithinthemacro-unit)Wallerstein1979:6coresemi-peripheryperiphery10勞力臨勞力勞力---了異不年來數不論數量金論Wallerstein異利度料累accumulationofcapital念略不理切數料來19了(Wallerstein1999:35)見諸年列陸略糖/199210利度Wallerstein197910兩冷theColdWar羽geopolitics益行1967行陸不Hsueh2001:19-2190-91了(Wallerstein1999:37)1970年更利立了了來兩1952-2001年23.94%例21.19%C.E.P.D.20022681945-1970年了1970-1995年略力1960年1970年不stagnation1980年浪來Hsueh20012-4勞力勞wagelabor見Table1Table1.Taiwan’sPositionintheWorldSystemandMainTypesofDependencyYearTypeofdependencyStructuralpositioninworldsystemEmployedpersonsbyindustry*%1858-1895TradedependencyPeripheryNoData1895-1945ColonialdependencyColonyofsemi-peripheralpowerNoData1945-1949(Transitionperiod)PeripheryNoData111949-Early1960sAiddependencyTradeandtech.SecondaryInvestmentminorPeripheryandclientofmajorcorepowerIn195256.1(Primary)16.9(Secondary)27.0(Tertiary)Early1960s-Early1970sTradedependencyTechnologysecondaryInvestmentminorPeripheryIn197036.7(Primary)28.0(Secondary)35.3(Tertiary)Early1970s-1988TechnologydependencyTradesecondaryInvestmentminorSemi-peripheryIn198813.7(Primary)42.5(Secondary)43.8(Tertiary)1990’s-presentBranddependencySemi-peripheryIn20017.5(Primary)36.0(Secondary)56.5(Tertiary)料來1.Susan(1988:75-86)2.3.欄TaiwanStatisticalDataBook2003,p.33.烈a利bc理了勞力勞力都羅Eachtimetherehasbeenaperiodofstagnation,theresultingpressuresofindividualcapitaliststoraisetherateofprofit,andoftheclassstrugglewhichhasbecomemoreacute,hasresultedin(a)newproductsproducedincorecountriesfortheworldmarket,whichbenefitatfirstfromthehighprofitsassociatedwithtemporarymonopolies;(b)aredistributionofsurplus-valuetosomegroups(usuallysomeworkersinthecore,somebourgeoisinthesemi-periphery)havingtheeffectofexpandingworldwideeffectivedemand;and(c)anexpansionoftherealgeographicboundsoftheworld-economy,incorporatingnewlaborforces,whowereatmostonlypartiallyproletarianized.Wallerstein1983:18勞力1970年來了羅proletarianized勞12理勞累利率勒200132省11200250-51量勞力不不略勞力勞力度利年度參參利12Table2.FarmManagersbyAge,Taiwan,2001AgeNumberPercentage15yearsold-0020yearsold-8842912.17%45yearsold-36426750.13%65yearsold-27387937.69%Total726575100.00%Source:AgricultureStatisticsYearbook2001,pp.310.45數12.17%45987.82%65年4數37.69%勞力老不Table3.FarmManagersbyLevelofEducation,Taiwan,2001LevelofEducationNumberPercentageCollege292874.03%Highschool9265612.75%JuniorHigh10894414.99%Elementary39386954.21%Uneducated10181914.01%11見勵例李198712利1.利不利率若利率2.利若不精3.不都列利13Total726575100.00%Source:AgricultureStatisticsYearbook2001,pp.311.()度4.03%()不識14.01%54.21%14.99%12.75%年狀度來Table4.FarmerFamiliesbyFull-timeandPart-time,Taiwan,2001Part-timeTotalFull-timeAgriculturalJobMainlyPart-timeJobmainly726575144421103526478628100%19.88%14.25%65.87%Source:AgricultureStatisticsYearbook2001,pp.305.類兩勞數兩Table5.FarmFamiliesbyFarmlandArea,Taiwan,in2001FarmlandArea(Hectare)NumberPercentageBelow0.1-278423.86%0.1-33425946.34%0.5-18997526.34%1.0-11477415.91%2.0-298734.14%3.0162762.26%5.068260.95%10.0-14910.21%Total721316100.00%Source:AgricultureStatisticsYearbook2001,pp.309.910.57零13Table6.IncomeofFarm&Non-farmFamiliesPerYearYearPerHouseholdIncomeNT$Agri.Income/TotalIncomePerCapitaIncomeNT$197610625738.94%1744813零不14198124442426.37%43882198633733123.22%65757199157226521.38%124136199688546919.97%202624200188129818.51%224249Source:BasicAgriculturalStatistics2002,p.50.6料年1976年38.94%降2001年18.51%勞力Table7.Hiredfarmworkers:NumberofWorkersandMedianWeeklyEarning,2000-2001WorkersMedianWeek