药学英语课文翻译-课后翻译节选-中英双语对照-第四版

本篇包括人卫第四版Unit3B，Unit4A，5A，8A，10A，12AB，13A等七篇课文Unit3TextBTheOtherSideofAntibiotics抗生素的另一面Antibioticshaveeliminatedorcontrolledsomanyinfectiousdiseasesthatvirtuallyeveryonehasbenefitedfromtheiruseatonetimeoranother.Evenwithoutsuchpersonalexperience,however,onewouldhavetobeisolatedindeedtobeunawareofthevirtues,realandspeculative,ofthese“miracle”drugs1.TheAmericanpress,radio,andtelevisionhavedoneagoodjobofreportingthetrulyremarkablestoryofsuccessesinthechemicalwarongerms.What′smore,anyshortcomingsontheirparthavebeenmorethanmadeupforbytheaggressivepublicrelationsactivityofthepharmaceuticalcompanieswhichmanufactureandsellantibiotics.抗生素可以消除或控制很多种感染疾病，以致几乎每人生病时都习惯于使用它而受益，但是如果一个人没有这样的亲身经历，他必定是离群索居才会不知道这些“特效药物”或真实或推测的优点。美国的出版物、电台或电视台用大量的篇幅报道了有关对细菌的化学战中获得的这些显著功绩。而它的缺点却被生产和销售抗生素的制药公司通过公关活动掩藏了。Incomparison,theinadequaciesandpotentialdangersoftheseremarkabledrugsaremuchlesswidelyknown.Andthelackofsuchknowledgecanbebad,especiallyifitleadspatientstopressuretheirdoctorsintoprescribingantibioticswhensuchmedicationisn’treallyneeded,orleadsthemtoswitchdoctorsuntiltheyfindonewhois,sotospeak,antibiotics-minded2.相比而言，使用这些药物的危险性并不广为人知。对这种知识的缺乏将更糟糕，特别是当患者要求医生开处方用抗生素而事实并不需要，或患者频繁地更换医生直至找到一个同意开抗生素处方的医生。Becausethegoodsideoftheantibioticsstoryissoverywell-known,thereseemsmorepointheretoareviewofsomeoftheimmediateandlong-rangeproblemsthatcancomefromtoday’scasualuseofthesedrugs.Itshouldbemadeclearinadvancethatcalamitiesfromtheuseofantibioticsarerareinrelationtotheenormousamountsofthedrugsadministered.Butthepotentialhazards,solittletouchedongenerally,doneedaclearstatement.因为抗生素的好的一面已广为人知，今天抗生素的滥用导致短期或长期问题。我们预先应该知道与抗生素的巨大的使用量相比,它产生危害的例子是少见的。但是，尽管十分少见，需要对这种潜在的危险作一个清楚的说明。Theantibioticsarenot,strictlyspeaking,exclusivelyprescriptiondrugs.Anumberofthemarepermittedinsuchover-the-counterproductsasnasalsprays,lozenges,troches,creams,andointments.Eveniftheseproductsdonoharmthereisnopointwhatsoeverinusingthem.Ifyouhaveaninfectionseriousenoughtowarrantthelaunchingofchemicalwarfare,youneedmuchbiggerdosesoftheantibioticsthananyofthenon-prescriptionproductsareallowedtocontain.严格来讲，抗生素并不全是处方药。许多抗生素被允许作为非处方药(如鼻喷雾剂、键剂、片剂、软膏和乳膏),尽管它们没有危害，也不能随意地使用。如果你患了严重的感染，你就得需要比非处方药所允许最大剂量更大剂量的抗生素了。Over-the-counterproducts,however,accountforonlyasmallpercentageoftotalantibioticsproduction.Itistheprescriptiondosagesthatgivepeopletrouble.然而，非处方药品只是整个抗生素类产品的一小部分，正是处方药物给人类带来了麻烦。Thesedrugs—evenallowingforthediverseabilitiesofthemanynarrow-spectrumonesandtheversatilityofthebroad-spectrumones—arenotthecure-allstheyoftenarebilledasbeing.Therearewidegapsintheirabilitytomastercontagiousdiseases.Suchimportantinfectionsasmumps,measles,commoncolds,influenza,andinfectioushepatitisstillawaitconquest.Allarevirusinfectionsanddespiteintenseefforts,verylittleprogresshasbeenmadeinchemotherapyagainstviruses.Onlysmallprogresshasbeenachievedagainstfungi.Manystrainsofbacteriaandfungiarenaturallyresistanttoallcurrentlyavailableantibioticsandotherchemotherapeuticdrugs.这些药物一即使允许最大能力,很多窄谱抗生素和广谱抗生素也并不是如宣传的那样治疗百病。它们的能力与治疗传染性疾病间还存在很大的差距。如腮腺炎、麻疹、普通感冒、流行性感冒和传染性肝炎等严重感染性疾病仍有待解决。这些都是病毒感染，尽管做出了很大的努力，但是在抗病毒的化疗药物的研究上几乎没有什么进展。抗真菌药物的研究上只取得一点小成就。很多细菌和真菌对现有的抗生素和其他化疗药物具有耐药性。Somemicroorganismsoriginallysensitivetotheactionofantibiotics,especiallystaphylococcus,havedevelopedresistantstrains.Thisacquiredresistanceimposesonthelongrangevalueofthedrugsaveryimportantlimitation,whichisnotadequatelymetbythefrequentintroductionofnewantimicrobialagentstocombattheproblem.一些原来对抗生素敏感的细菌，特别是葡萄球菌现在也产生了耐药性，这些获得的耐药性对药物的长期使用产生重要的限制，频繁引人新的抗菌药物也不能完全解决这个问题。Ithasbeenprettywellestablishedthattheincreaseinstrainsofbacteriaresistanttoanantibioticcorrelatesdirectlywiththedurationandextentofuseofthatantibioticinagivenlocation.Inonehospitalasurveyshowedthat,beforeerythromycinhadbeenwidelyusedthere,allstrainsofstaphylococcitakenfrompatientsandpersonnelweresensitivetoitsaction.Whenthehospitalstartedextensiveuseoferythromycin,however,resistantstaphylococcusstrainsbegantoappear.现已经确定，在一些地区，抗生素广泛和长期的使用与细菌耐药性增加有直接的相互关系。某医院调查显示，在红霉素广泛使用以前，所有从病人身上取出的葡萄球菌都对红霉素敏感.然而，自从医院开始广泛应用红霉素以来，耐药葡萄球菌菌株开始出现。Thedevelopmentofbacterialresistancecanbeminimizedbyamorediscriminatinguseofantibiotics,andthepersontakingthedrugcanhelphere.Whenanantibioticmustbeused,thebestwaytopreventthedevelopmentofresistanceistowipeouttheinfectionasrapidlyandthoroughlyaspossible.Ideally,thisrequiresabactericidaldrug,whichdestroys,ratherthanabacteriostaticdrug,whichinhibits.Andthedrugmustbetakeninadequatedosageforaslongasisnecessarytoeradicatetheinfectioncompletely.Thedoctor,ofcourse,mustchoosethedrug,butpatientscanhelpbybeingsuretotakethefullcourseoftreatmentrecommendedbythedoctor,eventhoughsymptomsseemtodisappearbeforeallthepillsaregone.Inrareinstancestheemergenceofresistancecanbedelayedorreducedbycombinationsofantibiotics.Treatmentoftuberculosiswithstreptomycinaloneresultsinahighdegreeofresistance,butifpara-aminosalicylicacidorisoniazidisusedwithstreptomycinthepossibilitythatthiscomplicationwillariseisgreatlyreduced.更有区别的应用抗生素可以最大限度地抑制细菌耐药性的发展，使用药物的病人可对此有所帮助。当必须使用一种抗生素时，最好的避免耐药性方法就是尽快彻底