农业土地用途的模式

1B.2.(1)AModelofAgriculturallanduse農業土地用途的模式VonThunen’sModel范杜能模式2VonThunen’sModel范杜能模式•Thefirsttheory首個理論•Locationofvariousofagriculturalactivities不同農業活動的位置•InGermany,early19thcentury19世紀初的德國3Observed觀察•varioustypesoffarmingoccurredinconcentricringsaroundsettlement不同的農業類別以同心環形態環繞聚落Aims目的:•howanwhyagriculturallandusevarieswiththedistancefromamarket怎樣及為甚麼隨與市場距離，農業土地用途改變？4TwoBasicTheories2個基本理論1.Intensityofproduction生產密度2.Variationsofcroptypes不同農作物的類別51.Intensityofproduction生產密度•Intensityofproductionofaparticularcropwilldeclinewithincreasingdistancefromamarket•農作物的生產密度會隨與市場距離增加而下降•(Intensity密度:amountofinputsperunitareaofland投入在每單位土地面積的數量)•62.Variationsofcroptypes不同農作物的類別•Typesoflandusewillvarywithdistancefrommarket•土地用途會隨市場的距離而改變7Assumptions假設1.isolatedstate孤立的國家(subsistence自給自足,noexternaldisturbance不受外界干擾)2.solemarket只得一個市場3.isotropicplain均質平原(samephysicalconditions環境條件一樣)4.economicman經濟人(maximizeprofitwithfullknowledgeofmarket賺取最大利潤，並擁有所有市場資料)85.onlyoneformoftransport只有一種交通工具6.costoftransportisdirectlyproportionaltodistance運輸費會按比例隨距離增加而遞增9Principle原則:•RENTisthedeterminingfactor租值就是決定因素(economicrent經濟租值/locationalrent區位租值)•Rent租值/NetReturn淨回報::revenue利潤-cost成本•Revenue利潤(price市值xamount產量)/Totalcost總成本(production生產+transportation運輸)When當:•RC(surplus盈利)-productioncontinues繼續生產•R=Climit/marginofproduction生產邊線•RC(deficit赤字)-nomoreproduction停止生產10•Revenue:samepriceofaparticularcrop同類農作物的市值是一樣•Costs-sameproductioncostofaparticularcrop同類農作物的生產成本相同•-transportcostincreaseswithincreasingweight/distancefrommarket•-運輸費用隨重量及距離增加而上升•Therefore因此,rentdecreaseswiththedistancefromthemarket租值會隨市場的距離遞減11Model.1DistanceDecayfunction隨距遞減Distancedecayoftheintensityofproductionofaparticularcrop生產農作物的密度會隨距遞減12•啡先生的區位租值較低•因為運費較高1314DIMINISHINGMARGINALRETURN收益遞減定律•Thereturnforagivenunitofinputdeclinesasmoreinputsareapplied.•當更多的資源投入土地時，每一單位的投入的收益遞減。MrGreenandMrBrownhaveincreasedinputsby1times增加一倍的投入But,outputsonlyincreaseby50%only產量只增加50%15•對於啡先生,增加投入的額外運費額外的收益1617Conclusion總結•beingmuchclosertomarket,farmingshouldbebettertobeintensive•越接近市場,農業採用集約模式較佳•beingfurtherawayfromthemarket,farmingshouldbebettertobeextensive•越遠離市場,農業採用粗放模式較佳•Theintensityofproductionofaparticularcropwilldeclinewithdistancefromthemarket.農作物生產密度會隨市場距離而遞減18Model2Typesofcropsvary農作物類別的變化•Typesofcropsvarywithdistancefromthemarket農作物的類別會隨市場距離而變化•determinedbyRent由租值決定•(marketprice市場價格,yieldperhectare每公頃地的產量,transportcosts運輸成本,productioncosts生產成本,)•transportcosts運費:varywithweight,bulk,perishabilityofcrops隨產品的重量，體積和易腐壞性而改變•cropwiththehighestlocationalrent,thengrow•擁有最高區位租值的農作物，會被種植19Example1:AandBA-morecostlytotransport運費較昂貴/steeperslopeofrent租值坡度較斜•-highermarketprice市場價值較高•-closertomarket較近市場20Example2:CandDC:higheryield收成量較高/lowermarket市場價格較低:higheryield,highertransportcosts收成量較高，運費較高:higheryield,higherrent收成量較高，租值較高:closertomarket較近市場21Consequently•:aconcentriczonationoflandusepatternoccursaroundamarket圍繞市場，出現同心環形態的農業用地帶•:withintensityofproductionincreasestowardsmarket越近市場，投入密度越高22VonThunen—Classicmodel23VonThunen—Classicmodel•Zone1:Productionoffreshmilkandvegetable生產鮮奶和蔬菜(marketgardening園藝農業)•-perishable易腐壞,greatdemand需求大,highprice市價高•-intensive集約式,nofallow無休耕,highinputs投入高24Zone2:Productionofwood(Forestry)生產木材（林地）•-bulky笨重•-mainfuel主要燃料•-greatdemand需求大25Zone3:CropAlternationSystem精耕式輪作•-intensive集約式,nofallow無休耕•-6-yearcroprotation6年輪作不同農作物Zone4:Improvedsystem,fallowandpasture改善了的系統，有休耕和牧地•-seven-yearrotationcrop7年輪作•-fallow休耕•-crops輪作/pasture牧地/fallow休耕26Zone5:3-fieldsystem三圃農業帶•-1/3:fieldcrops黑麥,1/3:pasture牧地,1/3:fallow休耕•-rotationsystem輪作系統Zone6:Extensivelivestockfarming粗放式放牧27ModificationofVonThunen’smodel修改1.Additionofanavigableriver航運河流•cheapertransportation較便宜的運輸•productionzonebecomeelongated生產帶伸延及拉長•paralleltotheriver沿河發展282.Additionofasmallcity另一小鎮•competingcentre競爭市場•simpleconcentriczone簡單同心環帶complex複雜29Causesofvariationinlocationalrent區位租值改變的因素1.changesinmarketprice市場價格2.changesinproductioncost生產成本3.changesintransportcost運輸成本-Ifmarketprice市場價格:$160-Productioncost生產成本:$40/tonne-Transportcost運輸成本:$2/km/tonne-Ex.1,Ex.2,Ex.330Ex.1(ans)3132Ex.2•Referto參閱Ex.1,•drawnewdiagramstoshowthechangesinrentandmarginofproduction繪畫新的圖表顯示租值和生產邊線的改變•(2.1)Ifmarketprice市場價格increasesby$40•(2.2)Ifproductioncost生產成本increasesby$40•(2.3)Iftransportcost運輸成本decreasesby$0.5/km/tonne33Ex.2.1(ans)•(2.1)Ifmarketprice市場價格increasesby$4034Ex.2.2(ans)•Ifproductioncost生產成本increasesby$4035Ex.2.3(ans)•Iftransportcost運輸成本decreasesby$0.5/km/tonne36Conclusion總結Changeinmarketprice/productioncost市場價格和生產成本改變curveofrent租值曲線:•parallelshift平行移動•gradientkeepsconstant梯度不變37Changeintransportcost運輸成本改變curveofrent/netprofit租值/純利曲線:•changeingradient梯度改變•↓transportcost,↓gradient/gentler較平緩•↑transportcost,↑gradient/steeper較斜38•Changeinrent–changeinproductionarea生產面積改變•expands擴張/contracts收縮Ex.3Ifthereisanadditionofcompetingmarket當出現另一個市場39Ex.3繪畫圖表顯示以下農業的空間分佈•Milk鮮奶:marketprice市場價格:$160:transportcost運費:$40/10km/tonne•Wheat小麥:marketprice市場價格:$120:transportcost運費:$20/10km/tonne•Wool羊毛:marketprice市場價格:$80:transpor