名词解释

1、Romanticism浪漫主义amovementofthe18thand19thcenturythataffectedthewholeofEuropeandAmerica.Itisthepredominanceofimaginationoverreasonandformalrulesandoverthesenseoffactortheactual,apsychologicaldesiretoescapefromunpleasantrealities.Romanticismwasamovementinliterature,philosophy,musicandartwhichdevelopedinEuropeinthelate18thandearly19thcenturies.ItemphasizedindividualvaluesandaspirationsabovethoseofsocietyasareactiontotheIndustrialRevolution.ItlookedtotheMiddleAgesandtodirectcontactwithnatureforinspiration的特点：frequentlysharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics,moralenthusiasm,faithinthevalueofindividualismandintuitiveperception,andapresumptionthathenaturalworldwasasourceofcorruption.浪漫主义之间大多是相通的，都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。2、Transcendentalism超验主义1）asamoralphilosophy,transcendentalismwasneitherlogicalnorsystematized.Itexaltedfeelingoverreason,individualexpressionovertherestraintsoflawandcustom.不讲逻辑，不讲系统，只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达。2)theyspokeforculturalrejuvenationandagainstthematerialismofAmericansociety.呼吁文化复兴，反对美国社会的拜金主义。3）theybelieveinthetranscendenceofoversoul,anall-pervadingpowerforgoodnessfromwhichallthingscomeandofwhichallthingsareapart.相信精神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源。4）itcouldexerciseahealthyandrestorativeinfluenceonthehumanmind.“Gobacktonature,sinkyourselfbackintoitsinfluenceandyou’llbecomespirituallywholeagain.”Thenaturalimplicationofallthiswas,ofcourse,thatthingsinnaturetendedtobecomesymbolic,andthephysicalworldwasasymbolofthespiritual.ThisinturnaddedtothetraditionofliterarysymbolisminAmericanliterature.3、Realism：（现实主义）appearedintheUnitedStatesintheliteratureoflocalcolor,anamalgamofromanticplotsandrealisticdescriptionsofthingswasimmediatelyobservable.thedialects,customs,sights.现实主义有浓厚的美国本土特色，是浪漫主义故事情节和现实主义描写相结合的产物：美国风味的方言、风俗、各种观点4、Naturalism：自然主义anewandharsherrealism,新型的更为冷峻的现实主义，产生悲观的流派，产生于theendofthecentury十九世纪末，因为Perceptionofsociety’sdisorders对社会无序的感知。Presentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhoweredominatedbytheirenvironmentandheredity.设法尽力客观真实地展现出受环境与出身局限的下层人民和各种经济阶层人物的真正生活。Thenaturalistsemphasizedthattheworldwasamoral,thatmenandwomenhadnofreewill,thattheirliveswerecontrolledbyheredityandtheenvironment,thereligious“truths”wereillusory,thatthedestinyofhumanitywasmiseryinlifeandoblivionindeath.强调世界的非道德性，人们没有意志的自由，宗教上的真理是虚幻的，现实生活是痛苦的。5、Imagism意象派：isapoeticmovementofEnglandandtheUnitedStates,flourishedfrom1909-1917.Itscredo,expressedinSomeImagistPoets,includedtheuseofthelanguageofcommonspeech,projectmatter,theevocationofimagesinhard,clearpoetry,andconcentration.6、Modernism现代主义：islooselyasynonymofanythingcontemporary.Strictly,especiallyinliterarycriticism,whichbeganinthelate19thcenturyandthetheoryofpsycho-analysisasitstheoreticalbase.Theypaymoreattentiontothepsychictimethanthechronologicalone.7、individualism个人主义：itisamoralpoliticalandsocialphilosophywhichemphasizesindividuallibertytheprimaryimportanceoftheindividualandtheunitiesofself_reliance8、symbolism象征主义：meansusingsymbolsinliteraryworksthesymbolmeanssomethingrepresentsorstandsforabstractdeepmeaning1.AmericanPuritanismitcomesfromtheAmericanpuritans,whowerethefirstimmigrantsmovedtoAmericancontinentinthe17thcentury.Originalsin,predestination（预言）andsalvation（拯救）werethebasicideasofAmericanPuritanism.And,hard-working,piousness（虔诚,尽职），thriftandsobriety（清醒）werepraised.4.Localcolorism:asatrendbecamedominantinAmericanliteratureinthe1860sandearly1870s，itisdefinedbyHamlinGarlandashavingsuchqualityoftextureandbackgroundthatitcouldnothavebeenwritteninanyotherplaceorbyanyoneelsethananativestoriesoflocalcolorismhaveaqualityofcircumstantial(详细的)authenticity(确实性),aslocalcoloriststriedtoimmortalize(使不朽)thedistinctivenatural,socialandlinguisticfeatures.Itischaracteristicofvernacular(本国语)languageandsatirical(讽刺的)humorStreamofconsciousness（意识流）：Itisoneofthemodernliterarytechniques.Itisthestyleofwritingthatattemptstoimitatethenaturalflowofacharacter’sthoughts,feelings,reflections,memories,andmentalimagesasthecharacterexperiencesthem.Itwasfirstusedin1922bytheIrishnovelistJamesJoyce.Thosenovelsbrokethroughtheboundsoftimeandspace,anddepictedvividlyandskillfullytheunconsciousactivityofthemindfastchangingandflowingincessantly。10.TheLostgeneration：itreferstoagroupofyoungintellectuals（知识分子）whocamebackfromwar，wereinjured（受伤害）bothphysically（身体上）andmentally（精神上）.Theylivedbyindulging（放任）themselvesintheBohemian（波西米亚）wayoflife.TheirAmericandreamwasdisillusioned（破灭了）.ThebestrepresentativeofthelostgenerationwasErnestHemingway11.AmericanDream:Americandreammeansthebeliefthateveryonecansucceedaslongashe/sheworkshardenough.Itusuallyimpliesasuccessfulandsatisfyinglife.ItusuallyframedintermsofAmericancapitalism（资本主义）,itsassociatedpurportedmeritocracy,（知识界精华）andthefreedomsguaranteedbytheU.S.BillofRights.12.TheHarlemRenaissance：referstothefloweringofAfricanAmericanliterature,art,anddramaduringthe1920sand1930s.ThoughcenteredinHarlem,NewYork,themovementimpactedurbancentersthroughouttheUnitedStates.Blacknovelists,poets,painters,andplaywrightsbegancreatingworksrootedintheirowncultur