化学工程与工艺专业英语-化合物的英文命名.

化学工程与工艺专业英语12逐句翻译！1,2,3,45,6,710,11,12,1320,213化合物的英文命名Nomenclatureofcompounds4一无机物的命名(Inorganiccompounds)1元素与单质的命名“元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是“element”，有时为了区别，在强调“单质”时可用“freeelement”。因此，单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的。下面给出的既是元素的名称，同时又是单质的名称。5S-blockElementIAHHydrogenLiLithiumNaSodiumKPotassiumRbRubidiumCsCesiumFrFranciumIIABeBerylliumMgMagnesiumCaCalciumSrStrontiumBaBariumRaRadium6P-blockElementVIAVIIA0HeHeliumOOxygenFFluorineNeNeonSSulfurClChlorineArArgonSeSeleniumBrBromineKrKryptonTeTelluriumIIodineXeXenonPoPoloniumAtAstatineRnRadonIIIAIVAVABBoronCCarbonNNitrogenAlAluminiumSiSiliconPPhosphorusGaGalliumGeGermaniumAsArsenicInIndiumSnTinSbAntimonyTlThalliumPbLeadBiBismuth7CommonTransitionElememtFe:ironMn:manganeseCu:copperZn:zincHg:mercuryAg:silverAu:gold8Namingmetalions(cations)formetaloxides,basesandsalts1.SinglevalenceionsCation’sname=Elementforexample:Na+SodiumAl3+AluminumK+PotassiumCa2+Calcium92.MultivalenceionsCation’sname=Element(N)Forexample:Fe2+Iron(II)orFerrousFe3+Iron(III)orFerricCr2+Chromium(II)Cr3+Chromium(III)Mn4+Manganese(IV)Mn2+Manganese(II)10对于有变价的金属元素，一般用罗马数字来表示金属的氧化态，或用后缀-ous表示低价，-ic表示高价。如FeO:iron(II)oxide或ferrousoxideFe2O3:iron(III)oxide或ferricoxideCu2O:copper(I)oxide或cuprousoxideCuO:copper(II)oxide或cupricoxide11Table1symbolsandnamesofcommoncations1+cations2+cations2+cations3+and4+cationshydrogenH+/magnesiumMg2+/nickel(II)orNi2+/aluminumAl3+lithiumLi+/calciumCa2+/nickelous/chromium(III)Cr3+sodiumNa+/strontiumSr2+/tin(II)orSn2+/orchromicpotassiumK+/bariumBa2+/stannous/manganese(III)Mn3+ammoniumNH4+/zincZn2+/lead(II)orPb2+/ormanganicsilverAg+/cadmiumCd2+/plumbous/iron(III)orFe3+copper(I)orCu+/copper(II)orCu2+/iron(II)orFe2+/ferriccuprous/cupric/ferrous/cobalt(III)orCo3+mercury(I)orHg22+/mercury(II)orHg2+/cobalt(II)orCo2+/cobalticmercurous/mercuric/cobaltous//nickel(III)Ni3+chromium(II)orCr2+//tin(IV)orSn4+/chromous//stannic/manganese(II)orMn2+//lead(IV)orPb4+/manganous//plumbic/12Namingnonmetalions(anions)1.Monatomic（单原子）anionsAnion’sname=Element’sroot-ideForexample:Cl-ChlorideO=OxideBr-BromideOH-HydroxideI-IodideCN-CyanideS=SulfideH-Hydride132.Polyatomicoxyanions（含氧阴离子）(1).Acidradicalsfornormalsalt(正酸根-ate)Anion’sname=CentralElement’sroot-ateforexample:ClO3-ChlorateIO3-IodatePO43-PhosphateNO3-NitrateSO42-SulfateCO32-Carbonate14(2).Acidradicalsformeta-salts(亚酸根-ite)Anion’sname=Centralelement’sroot-iteforexample:ClO2-ChloriteIO2-IoditePO33-PhosphiteNO2-NitriteSO32-Sulfite15(3).Acidradicalsforhypo-salts(次酸根-ite)Anion’sname=Hypo-Centralelement’sroot-iteforexample:ClO-HypochloriteIO-HypoioditePO23-Hypophosphite16(4).Acidradicalsforpersalts(高酸根Per-ate)Anion’sname=Per-centralElement’sroot-ateforexample:ClO4-PerchlorateIO4-PeriodateMnO4-Permanganate17Table2symbolsandnamesofcommonanions1-anions1-anions2-anions3-and4-anionsperoxideO22-/thiocyanateSCN-/oxideO2-/nitrideN3-hydrideH-/cyanideCN-/sulfideS2-/phosphideP3-fluorideF-/acetateCHCOO-/carbonateCO32-/carbideC4-chlorideCl-/nitrateNO3-/sulfateSO42-/PhosphatePO43-bromideBr-/nitriteNO2-/sulfiteSO32-/phosphitePO33-iodideI-/permanganateMnO4-/thiosulfateS2O32-hydroxideOH-/perchlorateClO4-/oxalateC2O42-hydrogencarbonateHCO3-/chlorateClO3-/chromateCrO42-(bicarbonate)/chloriteClO2-/dichromateCr2O72-hydrogensulfateHSO4-/hypochloriteClO-(bisulfate)hydrogensulfiteHSO3-dihydrogenphosphate(bisulfite)18Namingcompounds1.MetaloxideMetaloxide=Cation+oxideforexample:FeOIron(II)oxide(Ferrousoxide)Fe2O3Iron(III)oxide(Ferricoxide)Na2O2Sodiumperoxidehydrogenperoxide(H2O2)192.NonmetaloxideNonmetaloxide=n-Nonmetalelement+n-oxideforexample:COCarbonmonoxideCO2CarbondioxideSO3SulfurtrioxideN2O3DinitrogentrioxideP2O5DiphosphoruspentoxideN2O4Dinitrogentetroxide(tetra-,mono-后缀中的a,o在后一o之前省去)有些物质常用俗称,如NO:nitricoxideN2O:nitrousoxide20Table3Binarycompoundsofnonmetals----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CarbonnitrogenCOcarbonmonoxideNOnitrogenmonoxideCO2CarbondioxideNO2nitrogendioxideCS2CarbondisulfideN2OdinitrogenmonoxideCCl4CarbontetrachlorideN2O3dinitrogentrioxideN2O5dinitrogenpentoxideSulfurphosphorusSO2SulfurdioxidePBr3phosphorustribromideSO3SulfurtrioxideSF6SulfurhexafluoridePCl5phosphoruspentachloride21非金属氢化物除了水和氨气使用俗称water，ammonia以外，其它的非金属氢化物都用系统名称，命名规则根据化学式的写法不同而有所不同。（1）对于卤族和氧族氢化物，Ｈ在化学式中写在前面，因此将其看成与另一元素的二元化合物。举例：HFhydrogenfluorideHClhydrogenchlorideHBrhydrogenbromideHIhydrogeniodideH2ShydrogensulfideH2SehydrogenselenideH2Tehydrogentelluride（2）对于其它族的非金属氢化物，Ｈ在化学式中写在后面，可加后缀-ane，氮族还可加-ine举例：PH3:phosphine或phosphaneAsH3:arsine或arsaneSbH3:stibine或stibane(stibium)BiH3:bismuthaneCH4:methaneSiH4:silaneB2H6:diboranehydrazine(N2H4)22无氧酸命名规则：hydro-词根-icacid举例：HCl:hydrochloricacidH2S:hydrosulfuricacid233.BasesBase=Metalcation+hydroxideforexample:Al(OH)3AluminumhydroxideNaOHSodiumhydroxideCa(OH)2CalciumhydroxideBa(OH)2BariumhydroxideCo(OH)2Cobalt(II)hydroxide244.盐(Salts)(1).正盐(Normalsalt)：根据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子的名称。Normalsalt=Cation+anionforexample:HgSO4Mercury(II)sulfateHg2SO4Mercury(I)sulfat