Laboratory-manual-for-physiological-studies-of-ric

books(JPEGImage,685x902pixels)-Scaled(91%)=e1w_7XJNlWIC&pg=PP1&img=1&z...1of19/30/20091:09PMLaboratoryManualforPhysiologicalStudiesofRiceSHOUlCHlYOSHIDADOUGLASA.FORNOJAMESH.COCKKWANCHAIA.GOMEZTHIRDEDITIONTHEINTERNATIONALRICERESEARCHINSTITUTE1976LOSBAÑOS,LAGUNA,PHILIPPINESMAILADDRESSP.O.BOX933MANILA,PHILIPPINESFOREWORDThismanualisprimarilyintendedforstudentsofcropphysiobgyandagronomy.Theproceduresgiveninthetextofthismanualareparticularlysuitedforroutinechemicalanalysisandphysiologicalstudiesofthericeplant.Considerableattentionisgiventotechnicalmattersinvolvedintheseprocedures.Theequipmentsectionofeachchapterlistsonlyspecialitemsneededfortheproceduresdiscussed.Ordinarylaboratoryequipmentisnotlisted.ShouichiYoshidaDouglasA.FornoJamesH.CockKwanchaiA.GomezCONTENTSChapter1Chapter2Chapter3Chapter4Chapter5Chapter6Chapter7Chapter8Chapter9Chapter10Chapter11Chapter12Chapter13Chapter14Chapter15Chapter16Chapter17Chapter18Samplingandsamplepreparation..............................7Generaldirectionsforchemicalanalysisofricetissues....................................................12Analysisfortotalnitrogen(organicnitrogen)inplanttissues................................................14Proceduresforroutineanalysisofphosphorus,iron,manganese,aluminum,andcrudesilicainplanttissue................................................17AnEDTAmethodforroutinedeterminationofcalciumandmagnesiuminplanttissueandsoilsolution....................................................23Proceduresforroutineanalysisofzinc,copper,manganese,calcium,magnesium,potassium,andsodiumbyatomicabsorptionspectrophotometryandflamephotometry..........................................27Dithizonetestforheavymetalsinsolution.....................35Analysisofboroninplanttissueandwater.....................38Determinationofchlorineinplanttissue......................41Determinationofchlorophyllinplanttissue....................43Determinationofsugarandstarchinplanttissue..............46Determinationoftotal14Cinplanttissue.....................50Determinationof14C-labelledsugarinplanttissue.............53Determinationof14C-labelledstarchinplanttissue............56Assimilationof14CO2byintactplantsinthefield..............58Thesafranin-phenolmethodfordetectionofsilici-fiedcellsinricetissues.....................................60Routineproceduresforgrowingriceplantsincul-turesolution................................................61Measurementoflightintensityandlighttrans-missionratio..............................................61Chapter19Chapter20Chapter21Chapter22Chapter23Appendix1Appendix2Appendix3Appendix4Measurementofleafarea.leafareaindex.andleafthickness...............................................Measurementofleafangle(leafopenness).....................Measurementofgrainyields.................................Measurementofyieldcomponents............................Identificationofunfertilizedgrains...........................Abbreviationsusedinthismanualandtheirmeanings...................................................Alistofchemicalsuppliers..................................Alistofequipmentsuppliers.................................Alistofisotopesuppliers....................................697374757879808183CHAPTER1.Samplingandsamplepreparation.EquipmentTimeofsamplingWhatplantparttoanalyzeScissors,paperbags,markingpen,dryingoven,weighingscales,grindingmillwithasieveof1mmscreensize.Whentosampledependslargelyonwhatyouarestudying.Whenyouwanttodiagnosenutritionaldisorders,takethesamplewhentheplantsareshowingsymptomsofthedisorder.Forexample,symptomsofirontoxicityandzincandphosphorusdeficiencyareusuallyseen3to4weeksaftertransplanting(TanakaandYoshida1970).Achemicalanalysisoftheplantsatthisstageisveryhelpfulfordiagnosingthesedisorders.Ifyouarestudyingnutrientuptake,takethesamplesatdifferentstagesofgrowth:attransplantingtime,whentheseedlingshaverecoveredfromtrans-planting,duringthevigoroustilleringstage,atpanicleinitiation,duringstemelongation,atflowering,atthemilkyanddoughstages,andatmaturity(Ishizuka1964).Whenyouarestudyingthetotalnutrientuptakebyacrop,takethewholeplantsamplesatmaturity.Samplingatthistimesometimesunderestimatesthenutrientuptakebecausesomeoftheolderleavesmayhavefallenoffandbecauserainmayhaveleachednutrientssuchasnitrogenandpotassiumfromtheleavesbeforematurity(TanakaandNavasero1964).Toanalyzethelevelofsomeconstituentinthericeplant,usethewholeplant,theleafblade,ortheY-leaf(themostrecentlymaturedleafblade)asthesam-ple.Thesepartshavebeenwidelystudied(TanakaandYoshida1970,Mikkelsen1970)andthecriticalcontentsfordeficiency,sufficiency,ortoxicityhavebeenestablishedsothatyoucanusethemasstandardsforcomparingyourresults(seeTable1).Whenyousampleatearlystagesofgrowth,takethewholeplant.Rememberthatsuchcriticalcontentsmayvaryaccordingtothecriteriabywhichthedisordersaredefined,growthstagesoftheplant,varieties,climaticconditions,etc.Sousethecriticallevelslistedinthefollowingtablewithcare.Rememberalsothatpercentcontentisanintensityfactorwhiletota