国际营销16版名词解释

1.Definethefollowingterms:internationalmarketingP9Internationalmarketingistheperformanceofbusinessactivitiesdesignedtoplan,price,promote,anddirecttheflowofacompany'sgoodsandservicetoConsumerorusersinmorethanonenationforaprofit.uncontrollableelementsP10Theelementsofbusinessenvironmentwhichbeyondthethecontrolofcompanies.SRCSelf-ReferenceCriterionP14Anunconsciousreferencetoone'sownculturalvalues,experiences,andknowledgeasabasisfordecision.GlobalAwarenessP16Toleranceofculturaldifferenceandknowledgeofcultures,history,worldmarketpotential,andglobaleconomic,social,andpoliticaltrends.BOPMsP48Bottom-of-the-pyramidmarket:Anewconceptintroducedintothediscussionofdevelopingcountriesandmarkets.Theyarenotdefinedbynationalbordersbutratherbythepocketsofpovertyacrosscountries.SustainabledevelopmentP68Ajoinedapproachamongthose(governments),businesses,environmentalists,andtheothers)whoseekeconomicgrowthwithwiseresourcemanagement,equitabledistributionofbenefitsandreductionofnegativeeffortsonpeopleandtheenvironmentsfromtheprocessofeconomicgrows4.DefinethefollowingtermscultureP82Cultureisthehuman-madepartofhumanenvironment----thesumtotalofknowledge,beliefs,art,morals,laws,customs,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbyhumansasmembersofsociety.orP85isthesumofthevalues,rituals,symbols,beliefs,andthoughtprocessesthatarelearnedandsharedbyagroupofpeople,thentransmittedfromgenerationtogeneration.culturevalueP92Aculture'svaluesareitsideasaboutwhatisgood,right,fair,andjust.SeehowculturevaluesinflunencevarioustypesofbusinessandmarketbehaviorcomesfromseminalworkbyGeertHofstede.culturesensitivityP98Beingattunedtothenuancesofculturesothatanewculturecanbeviewedobjectively,evaluated,andappreciated.factualknowledgeP98Astraightfowardfactaboutaculturebutassumesadditionalsignificancewheninterpretedwithinthecontextoftheculture.InterpretiveknowledgeP98Thekindofknowledgemostdependentonpastexperienceforinterpretationandmostfrequentlypronetomisintrepretationifone’shomecountryframeofreference(SRC)isused.strategyofculturalcongruenceP102Thisstrategyinvolveesmarkettingproductssimilartoonesalreadyonthemarketinamannerascongruentaspossiblewithexistingculturalnorms,therebyminimizingresisitance.5.DefinethefollwingtermsculturalimperativesP108Culturalimperativesarethebusinesscustomsandexpectationsthatmustbemetandconformedtooravoidifrelationshiparetobesuccessful.culturalelectivesP109culturalelectivesrelatestoareasofbehaviourortocustomsthatculturalaliensmaywishtoconformtoorparticipateinbutthatarenotrequireculturalexclusivesP109Culturalexclusivesarethosecustomsorbehaviourpatternsreservedexclusivelyforthelocalsandfromwhichtheforeignerisbarred.silentlanguage6.DefiningthefollowingtermssovereigntyP138Asovereigntystateisindependentandfreefromallexternalcontrol;enjoysfulllegalequalitywithotherstates;governsitsownterritory;selectitsownpolitical,economic,andsocialsystems;andhasthepowertoenterintoagreementswithothernationsNationalismP142Nationalismcanbebestdescribedasanintensefeelingofnationalprideandunity,anawakeningofanation'speopletoprideintheircountry.NGOsP147Nongovernmentalorganizations(NGOs)7.Definethefollowingterms:Common/codelawP159Commonlaw,derivedfromEnglishlawandfoundinEngland,theUnitedStates,Canada,andothercountriesonceunderEnglishinfluence;Codelaw,derivedfromRomanlawandfoundinGermany,Japan,France,andnon-Islamicandnon-Marxistcountries.ArbitrationP164Theusualarbitrationprocedureisforthepartiesinvolvedtoselectadisinterestedandinformedpartyorpartiesasrefereestodeterminethemeritsofthecaseandmakeajudgementthatbothpartiesagreetohonor.LitigationP166Lawsuitsinpubliccourts.ItdealwithfilingalawsuitcommercialdisputesPrioruse:itcanestablishfirstuseistypicalconsideredtherightowner