英语翻译基本理论

LectureOneAnintroductionContentsofthislecture1.Abriefintroductiontothiscourse;2.Coursearrangement；3.Requirementsofthiscourse;4.Anintroductiontotranslation；TranslationTheoryandPracticeisacourseforEnglishmajorofseniorones.ItdemandsyoutogoontrainingyourbasiclanguageskillsandlearnmoreaboutEnglishmajor.Meanwhile,itdemandsyougoonenlargingyourscopeofknowledgeandstrengtheningyoursensibilitytoculturaldifferencessoastoimproveyourabilitytotranslatebetweenEnglishandChinese.理论性；实践性翻译是一项艰辛的劳动•Itisprobablythemostcomplextypeofeventsinthehistoryofthecosmos.(I.A.Richards,1953)•Itisquitedemanding.Manypeopleholdthatexceptionaltranslatorsareborn,notmade.(e.g.Nida)•Potentialtranslatorsmusthaveahighlevelofaptitudeforthecreativeuseoflanguage.•Itisnotaperipheraldiscipline,butwhatitinvolvesgoesbeyondtheboundaryofanyparticularbranchoflearning.•Itisnotinter-lingualtransfer,butcross-culturaltransfer.(MarySnell-Hornby)Prerequisitesofatranslator•Theenhancementofourpoliticalconsciousness•Thebettermentofourcommandoftherelevantlanguages•Thebroadeningoftherangeandscopeofourgeneralknowledge.•ByZhouEn-laiCoursearrangement•Introduction•Translationtheory•Translationskillsandpractice•ExercisesRequirements•1.Classattendance(Ifyourabsencegoestothreetimes,includingthethirdone,yourfinalmarkswillbedecreased.)•2.Classperformance(Everyoneofyouwillbedemandedtotranslate/interpretintheclassandIwillrecordthem)•3.ExamTosumup•Why(为何翻译？)•What(何为翻译？)•How(翻译何为？)BasicKnowledgeofTranslationTheory•Translation•Translationcriteriaorprinciple•Translationstrategies•Literaltranslationandliberaltranslation•Terms“洪荒造塔语言殊，从此人间要象胥”（马祖毅，2004：1）Translationexistsbecausemenspeakdifferentlanguages.(Steiner,2001:51)斯坦纳说：“翻译之所以存在，是人们讲不同的语言。”“正是因为语言不通，人们才产生要对话的欲望……才产生翻译”（郑海凌，2000：5）•西欧所以能有今天的文明，用一个西方学者的话来说，这要“归功于翻译者”。（Kelly：1979：1）•五千年来，虽然经历了不少波折，走过了不少坎坷的道路，但是中华文化却一直没有消逝？“倘若拿河流来作比，中华文化这一条大河，有水满的时候，也有水少的时候，但却从未枯竭。原因就是有新水注入。注入的次数大大小小是颇多的。最大的有两次，一次是从印度来的水，一次是从西方来的水。而这两次的大注入依靠的都是翻译。中华文化所以能常葆青春，万应灵药就是翻译。翻译之为用大矣哉！”（林煌天，1997：季羡林序）Thedefinitionintheolddays•翻译活动在中国由来己久，在《礼纪.王制》中就有记载：“中国、夷、蛮、戎、狄……五方之民，言语不通，嗜欲不同。达其志，通其欲，东方曰寄，南方曰象，西方曰狄踶，北方曰译。”（马祖毅，2004:2）在此后，翻译已经并正在经历着发展的高潮。•“译即易，谓换易言语使相解也。”——贾公彦(618-907)唐朝•“夫翻译者，谓翻梵天之语转成汉地之言。音虽似别，义则大同。”——法云(960-1279)宋代•TheBritishscholarDr.SamuelJohnsononcesaid:“Totranslateistochangeintoanotherlanguage,remainingthesense.”Thecurrentdefinition(1)•Translationconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalenceofthesourcelanguage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle.---------Nida•Catforddefinestranslationas“thereplacementoftexualmaterialinonelanguage(SL)byequivalenttexualmatererialinanotherlanguage(TL)”(1965:21)•Agoodtranslationisonewhichhasthemeritoftheoriginalworkissocompletelytransfusedintoanotherlanguageastobeasdistinctlyapprehendedandasstronglyfeltbyanativeofthecountrytowhichthatlanguagebelongsasitisbythosewhospeakthelanguageoftheoriginalwork.---------TytlerThecurrentdefinition(2)•Thereplacementoftextualmaterialinonelanguage(SL)byequivalenttextualmaterialinanotherlanguage(TL)----------------Prof.HuangLongTranslatology•翻译是把一种语言所承载的文化信息转换成另一种另一种语言的文化信息，它包括语内翻译、语际翻译和符际翻译。（曹明伦）•翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言表达出来，以达到沟通思想情感、传播文化知识、促进社会文明，特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。（孙致礼）Insummary–Translationistheinformationtransferringbetweentwolanguagesandtheculturalcommunicationbetweentwolanguagefamilies.–Translationisarenderingfromonelanguageintoanother.Translationisanart,abilingualart,acraft,askill,anoperationandcommunication.–Translationisarepresentationorrecreationinonelanguageofwhatiswrittenorsaidinanotherlanguage.BasicpointsinTranslation•1.Binaryopposition•eg:Synchronicperspective----Diachronicperspective•prescriptive----descriptive•Literaltranslation----Liberaltranslation••2.DifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternTranslationStudies:各自产生于各具特色的中国和西方文化．中华民族与西方民族的思维方式不同，差距很大。•Ａ．中国译论：产生于中国文化，是主观印象式的理论。特点：个性的，联想发挥式的，不乏真知灼见，言简意赅，但缺乏系统性和可操作性。•Ｂ．西方译论：客观分析式的理论。科学的、客观的、系统的、往往具有自身的体系性，具有与之相关的一系列术语，可操作性强。ClassificationofTranslationa)Intermsoflanguages•1.Translationfromnativelanguagesintoforeignlanguages•2.Translationfromforeignlanguagesintonativelanguagesb)Intermsofmode•1.oralinterpretation•2.writtentranslation•3.machinetranslationC).SLandTL:Interlingualtranslation,Intralingualtranslation,Intersemiotictranslationd).Intermsofdisposal(处理方式)•1.full-texttranslation（全文翻译)•2.abridged/adaptedtranslation•（摘译/辑译)•译写？e)Intermsofmaterialstobetranslated•1.Materialsforscienceandtechnology•2.translationofliteraryworkssuchasnovels,stories,prose,poetry,dramaetc.•3.translationofmaterialsinpoliticalfieldsuchastreatisesonsocialproblems,reports,speechesetc.•4.translationofpracticalwritingssuchasofficialdocuments,contractsandagreement,notices,receipts,etc.TranslationCriteriaorPrinciple•Tytler’stranslationcriteria•Yanfu’stranslationcriteria•OtherstranslationcriteriaTytler’s•EssayonthePrinciplesofTranslation,1790•Atranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork;•Thestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterasthatoftheoriginal;•Atranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoftheoriginalcomposit