第9章协调的产品与供应链设计

供应链管理的设计DesignforSupplyChainManagementTheManufacturingEnvironmentRapidChanges–Newproductsrapidlyintroduced–Short,unknownproductlifecyclesHighVarietyofProductsLongProductionLeadTimesIncreasingstorageandtransportationcostsDifficulttoforecastdemand制造业环境快速的变革–新产品迅速推向市场–产品生命周期更短，无法预测产品的高度多样性长的生产提前期不断增加的存储和运输成本很难预测需求TheGoalsoftheManufacturingOrganizationResponsivenessCompetitivepricingEfficiencyCustomerservice制造业组织的目标响应竞争性定价效率客户服务WhyDoTheseGoalsConflict?Forcesforkeepinglowinventory–inventoryexpensive–lowsalvagevaluesForcesforkeepinghighinventory–longleadtimes–customerserviceisimportant–demandishardtopredict–reductionintransportationquantity这些目标为什么相互冲突？保持低库存的动力–库存成本–低残值保持高库存的动力–提前期长–客户服务很重要–需求很难预测–降低运输量DesignForLogisticsProductandprocessdesignkeycostdriversofproductcostDesignforManufacturinguseddesigntodecreasemanufacturingcostsMajorsupplychaincostsincludetransportationcosts,inventorycosts,distributioncosts物流设计生产和流程设计降低制造过程成本－供应链成员参与制造设计降低制造成本－供应链成员参与供应链的主要成本包括运输成本、库存成本和配送成本DesignForLogisticsDesignforLogisticsusesproductdesigntoaddresslogisticscostsKeyConceptsofDesignforLogistics–Economicpackagingandtransportation–Concurrent/ParallelProcessing–Standardization物流设计通过产品设计降低物流成本物流设计的关键概念–包装与运输的经济性–并行/平行工艺–标准化EconomicTransportationandStorageDesignproductssothattheycanbeefficientlypackedandstoredDesignpackagingsothatproductscanbeconsolidatedatcrossdockingpointsDesignproductstoefficientlyutilizeretailspace运输和储存的经济性将产品设计成能有效包装和储存将包装设计成能在直接转运点统一处理的形式将产品设计成能有效利用零售空间的形式ExamplesIkea–World’slargestfurnitureretailer–131storesin21countries–Largestores,centralizedmanufacturing,compactlyandefficientlypackedproductsRubbermaid–ClearClassicfoodcontainers-designedtofit14x14”Wal-Martshelves实例宜家–全球最大家具零售商–在21个国家拥有131家店–大库存、集中化生产、紧密和有效率的包装Rubbermaid公司–生产一流的食物容器，包装设计适合沃尔玛货架的尺寸14x14”Concurrent/ParallelProcessingObjectiveistominimizeleadtimesAchievedbyredesigningproductssothatseveralmanufacturingstepscantakeplaceinparallelModularity/DecouplingiskeytoimplementationEnablesdifferentinventorylevelsfordifferentparts并行/平行工艺目标是最小化提前期通过重新设计产品以使几个生产步骤并行进行来达到这一目标模块化/分解制造的执行的关键允许不同的零部件有不同的库存水平TheNetworkPrinterExampleStage1(Europe)Stage2+Integration(FarEast)Customer(Europe)BoardPrinterStage1(Europe)Integration(Europe)Customer(Europe)BoardPrinterPlastics,motors,etc.Stage2(FarEast)网络打印机实例阶段1(欧洲)阶段2+装配(远东)客户(欧洲)线路板打印机阶段1(欧洲)装配(欧洲)客户(欧洲)线路板打印机外壳、电机等阶段2(远东)StandardizationShorteningleadtimesisnotalwayspossibleHowelsecaninventorylevelsbereducedandforecastaccuracyimproved?Standardizationofproductsandprocesses–Productcommonality–Processcommonality标准化缩短提前期并不总是可行的还能做些什么以降低库存水平，提高预测准确度？生产和流程的标准化–模块化产品–模块化流程ModularityinProductandProcessModularProduct:–Canbemadebyappropriatelycombiningthedifferentmodules–ItentailsprovidingcustomersanumberofoptionsforeachmoduleModularProcess:–Eachproductundergoadiscretesetofoperationsmakingitpossibletostoreinventoryinsemi-finishedform–Productsdifferfromeachotherintermsofthesubsetofoperationsthatareperformedonthem生产和流程的模块化模块化产品：–可以通过不同模块的适当组合生产–这导致消费者对每一模块可以有一系列选择模块化流程：–每一种产品通过一系列离散的操作进行生产，使它能够以在制品状态保存–产品的差异化通过在生产过程中完成不同的操作来实现ModularityinProductandProcessSemiconductorwaferfabricationismodularsincethetypeofchipproduceddependsontheuniquesetofoperationsperformedOilrefiningisnotmodularsinceitiscontinuousandinventorystorageofsemi-finishedproductisdifficult生产和流程中的模块化半导体晶片的生产就是模块化的，因为这类晶片的生产是由一系列特别的操作实现的石油精炼不是模块化的，因为它是连续的，而且存储在制品是很困难的ModularityinProductandProcessAremodularproductsalwaysmadefrommodularprocesses?生产和流程中的模块化模块化产品总是通过模块化流程生产的吗？ModularityinProductandProcessModularproductsarenotalwaysmadefrommodularprocesses–Bio-techandpharmaceuticalindustriesmakemodularproductsbutusenon-modularprocesses;manyproductsaremadebyvaryingthemixofasmallnumberofingredients生产和流程中的模块化模块化产品并不总是通过模块化流程生产–生物技术和医药产业生产模块化产品，但使用非模块化流程，许多产品是通过微调组成万分而生产的TypesofStandardizationPartStandardization–Commonpartsareusedacrossmanyprocesses–ProductredesignmightbenecessaryProcessStandardization–Standardizingasmuchoftheprocessaspossible,makingagenericorfamilyproduct–Delayingdifferentiation–Called“Delayeddifferentiation”,“Postponement”标准化的种类部件标准化–通用部件可以在很多流程中使用–可能需要重新设计产品流程标准化–在生产同一类产品时使流程尽可能标准–延迟差异化–产品差异化延迟或推迟Postponement:ExampleDemandforblackt-shirts–50%probability100–50%probability200Sameforwhitet-shirtsProductionalternativesProduce150ofeachcoloraheadoftimeProduce300whichcanbedyedafterdemandisobserved延迟：实例对黑色T恤衫的需求–50%的概率为100–50%的概率为200对白色T恤衫的需求与此相同可选择的生产方法提前各生产150件生产300件，当需求显示出来后再染色Postponement:ExampleFirstAlternative–25%probability--short50ofeach–25%probability--extra50ofeach–50%probability--short50ofone,extra50oftheotherSecondAlternative–25%probability--short50ofeach–25%probability--extra50ofeach–50%probability--noshortageorextra延迟：实例第一选择–25%的概率–每种短缺50单位–25%的概率--每种过剩50单位–50%的概率–一种短缺50单位，一种过剩50单位第二选择–25%的概率--每种短缺50单位–25%的概率--每种过剩50单位–50%的概率–没有过剩或短缺Postponement:KeyConceptsDelaydifferentiationofproductsinthesamefamilyaslateaspossibleEnablestheuseofaggregateforecastsEnablesthedelayofdetai