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初中英语被动语态一、被动语态概述语态是动词的一种形式,用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。英语的语态共有两种:主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式,一般说来,只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。汉语往往用被、受、给等词来表示被动意义。如:1.Heopenedthedoor.他打开了这扇门。(主动语态)2.Thedoorwasopened.这扇门被打开了。(被动语态)(1)被动语态的用法:①不知道谁是动作的执行者(即不知道谁做)时用被动语态,省略by短语。如:Amanwaskilledintheaccident.(一个人死于事故)/Thiswindowwasbrokenyesterday.(这扇窗子是昨天被打破的)②不说或者众所周知是谁做时,用被动语态,省略by短语。如:Riceisalsogrowninthisplace.(这个地方也种水稻)/Arailroadwillbebuilthereinthreeyears.(三年之后这里将要修建一条铁路)③强调动作的承受者,句尾加by短语。如:ItwaswrittenbyLuXun.(它(书)是鲁迅写的)/Apetdogisneverkilledbyitsowner.(宠物狗是不会被主人宰杀的)(2)主动语态如何改写为被动语态:(3)注意点:①“动词+间接宾语+直接宾语”改为被动时,可以用间接宾语做被动句的主语。如:Histeachergavehimadictionary.→Hewasgivenadictionarybyhisteacher.(老师给他一本字典→他得到老师一本字典)也可以用直接宾语做被动句的主语,但是需用to或者for引出原句的间接宾语。如:Histeachergavehimadictionary.→Adictionarywasgiventohimbyhisteacher.(老师给他一本字典→一本字典由老师送给了他)/Hisfathermadehimakite.→Akitewasmadeforhimbyhisfather.(他的父亲给他做了一个风筝→一个风筝由他的父亲做给了他)②“动词+宾语+动词原形”改为被动时,动词原形前要加to.如:Thebossmadethepoormanwork12hoursaday.→Thepoormanwasmadetowork12hoursaday.(老板让这个可怜的人一天工作12小时→这个可怜人被迫一天工作12小时)③“动词+…+介词”改为被动时,介词一般在原位不动。如:Thegirltakesgoodcareofherlittlebrother.→Thegirl’slittlebrotheristakengoodcareofbyher.(女孩照顾小弟弟→女孩的小弟弟由她照顾着)④“be+过去分词”未必表示被动语态,而可能是系表结构。如:Heispleased/worried/tired/…….(系表)(他高兴/焦虑/疲劳……)Hewashit/knockeddown/told/shot/…….(被动)(他被击中/撞倒/关照/射中……)二、被动语态的构成被动语态由助动词be+及物动词的过去分词构成。被动语态的时态变化只改变be的形式,过去分词部分不变。疑问式和否定式的变化也如此。1、被动语态的时态较常见的八种,现以动词clean为例列表说明:2、被动语态的句式变化:以一般现在时和动词invite为例,列表说明被动语态的句式变化:3、含有情态动词的被动语态情态动词的被动语态结构为:情态动词+be+过去分词;其时态及句型的变化仅由情态动词完成,be+过去分词部分不变。如:1.Tablescanbemadeofstone.桌子可由石头制造。2.Tablescouldbemadeofstoneatthattime.那时桌子可由石头制造。(一般过去时)3.Cantablesbemadeofstone?桌子能用石头制造吗?(疑问句)三、主动语态变为被动语态1、主动语态变为被动语态的步骤:(1)将主动句的宾语变为主语:注意:如果主动句的宾语是代词,需将其由宾格变为主格。如:1.Tomkilledhim.→HewaskilledbyTom.2.Ihithim.(主)→Hewashitbyme.(被)(2)将动词改为be+过去分词。注意:Theyheldameetingyesterday.→Ameetingwasheldbythemyesterday.他们昨天开会了。(3)将主动句的主语改为by的宾语,放在谓语动词后。注意:如果原主语是代词,则应由主格变为宾格。Hesangasong.→Asongwassungbyhim.2、主动语态变为被动语态的注意事项:含有双宾语,即直接宾语(常指事物)和间接宾语(常指人)的句子,每个宾语都可变为被动语态的主语,即其被动语态有两种形式。但多以间接宾语作主语。1.Jacktoldusthetruth.杰克告诉了我们真相。WeweretoldthetruthbyJack.2.Jacktoldthetruthtous.ThetruthwastoldtousbyJack.3.Tomgavemeapen.(主)IwasgivenapenbyTom.(被)4.Tomgaveapentome.(主)ApenwasgiventomebyTom.(被)※write,make,bring等的被动语态则只能以直接宾语(表物)作主语。1.Youbroughtmeabigcake.(主)Abigcakewasbroughttomebyyou.(被)2.Shewrotemealetter.(主)Aletterwaswrittentomebyher.(被)四.注意事项:1.主动语态变为被动语态,句子的时态保持不变。1.Iwillgivehimapen.(主)Hewillbegivenapenbyme.(被)2.在感官动词或使役动词后作补语的动词,在被动语态中用不定式。1)IheardyoutalkwithPeter.(主)我听到你和彼得谈话。YouwereheardtotalkwithPeter.(被)2)Isawhercomeoutoftheclassroom.(主)我看见她出了教室。Shewasseentocomeoutoftheclassroombyme.(被)3)make/letsbdosthSbbemade/lettodosth3.主动语态中如用people,somebody等作主语,被动语态中可省略宾语。1.Peopleeatwatermelonsinthesummer.(主)Watermelonsareeateninthesummer.(被)在夏天吃西瓜。4.否定句的被动语态中,not放在第一个助动词后。1)Youshouldnotblameme.(主)你不应该责怪我。Ishouldnotbeblamedbyyou.(被)2)Youshouldnotwritethisletter.(主)你不应该写这封信。Thislettershouldnotbewrittenbyyou.(被)5.疑问句的被动语态中,用BE代替DO。1)Doesshedrivethiscar?(主)Isthiscardrivenbyher?(被)2)Whatshallwedonext?(主)Whatwillbedonebyusnext?(被)6.祈使句的被动语态形式为:let+宾语+be+过去分词。Openthedoorplease.(主)Letthedoorbeopenedplease.(被)7.主动语态中有复合人称代名词时,被动语态的形式为:主动语态的主语+BE+过去分词。1.Tomhurthimself.(主)Tomwashurt.(被)8.下列动词(词组)没有被动式:1)系动词:以主动形式表示被动之意常见的系动词有:①be动词②……起来(7个):look,sound,smell,taste,feel,seem,appeare.g.Sheseems/appearshappy.Itsmellsterrible.③(逐渐)变得/变成:become,grow,get,turn,come,goe.g.1.Hiswishhascometrue.2.Peopleoftenwenthungryintheolddays.3.Thetreeisgrowingtall.④保持:keep,staye.g.Wemustkeepquietinthereadingroom.2)happen,takeplace,breakout(爆发),belongto,cost,take3)不及物动词sell,wash,read,write,open,close,shut,lock,wear等,常用主动形式表示被动意义。1、Anaccidentwashappenedyesterday.(×)昨天发生了一起事故。Anaccidenthappenedyesterday.2、Theflowersmellssweet.这花闻起来很香。3、Thewatchlooksgood.这表看起来很好。4、Thisbooksellswell.这本书畅销。5、Thekindofclothwasheswell.这种布很容易洗。6、Thearticlereadswell.这篇文章读起来很好。7、Thesupermarketopensat8:00inthemorning.超市在早上八点钟营业。8、Thedoorwon’tclose/shut.这门关不上。9、Thedoorlockseasily.这门容易锁。10、Thismaterialwearswell(won’twear).这种材料耐久(不耐久)六、各种时态的被动语态举例(以动词do为例)1.一般现在时(am/is/are+done)⑴.Englishisspokenbylotsofpeopleintheworld.世界上的许多人都说英语。⑵.ClassmeetingisheldeveryThursday.每周四都举行班会。⑶Theclassroomiscleanedbythestudentseveryday.学生们每天都打扫教室。2.一般过去时(was/were+done)⑴.Thecupwasbrokenbytheboy.杯子被那个男孩打碎了。⑵.Hewassavedatlast.他最终获救了。⑶Mybikewasstolen.我的自行车被偷了。3.一般将来时与过去将来时(will/shallbe+done;would/shouldbe+done)⑴.Aspeechwillbegiventhisafternoon.今天下午有一个演讲。⑵.Anewroadwillbebuiltnextyear.明年要修一条新马路。⑶Ithoughtthousandsofpeoplewouldbehelped.我认为将有数千人得到帮助。4.现在进行时与过去进行时(am/is/arebeing+done;was/werebeing+done)⑴.Themachinewasbeingrepairedatthistimeyesterday.昨天这时,机器正在被修理。⑵.Theproblemisbeingdiscussednow.问题正在被讨论。⑶.Abusisbeingpushedbythepassengers.路人正在推一辆公共汽车。5.现在完成时(have/hasbeen+done)⑴.Twohundredtreeshavebeenplantedbynow.到现在为止,已经种了二百棵树了。⑵.Thebookhasbeenreadmanytimesbyme.这本书已经被我读了许多遍了。6.过去完成时(hadbeen+done)⑴.Theysaidtheyhadbeeninvitedtotheparty.他们说已经被邀请参加晚会了。⑵.Shefoundthehousehadbeendestroyedbyt
本文标题:初中英语被动语态
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