C616车床数控系统改造

毕业论文题目：C616车床数控系统改造院系：专业：姓名：指导教师：2014年3月1日目录摘要·········································1关键词·········································1第1章绪论·································21.1普通机床数控化改造概述·························21.2数控改造的意义······························21.3数控改造的优点······························3第2章数控机床的原理及分类·························32.1数控机床的一般原理···························32.1.1数字控制的基本概念························32.1.2数控机床的组成···························42.1.2.1信息载体···························42.1.2.2计算机数控系统·······················52.1.2.3伺服系统···························52.1.2.4机床······························52.2计算机控制系统的工作原理·······················62.2.1输入··································62.2.2译码······································62.2.3数据处理···································62.2.4插补······································62.2.5伺服控制···································62.2.6管理程序···································72.3机床数控系统的分类···························72.3.1开环控制系统······························72.3.2半闭环控制系统·······························82.3.3闭环控制系统································8第3章C616机床数控系统改造方案·······················93.1机床数控系统改造方案要求························93.2C616车床的数控改造主要包括以下两个方面·············93.2.1机械部分改造·····························93.2.2电气控制系统改造··························9第4章机械部分改造·······························104.1纵向（Z向）进给系统的计算与设计··················104.1.1纵向进给系统的设计·························104.1.2纵向进给系统的设计计算························114.1.2.1切削力计算··························114.1.2.2滚珠丝杠设计及计算······················134.1.2.2.1强度计算··························134.1.2.2.2效率计算···························134.1.2.2.3刚度验算··························144.1.2.2.4稳定性验算·························144.1.2.3齿轮及转矩的有关计算······················144.1.2.3.1有关齿轮计算·························144.1.2.3.2转动惯量计算·························154.1.2.3.3所需转动力矩计算······················154.2横向（X向）进给系统计算与设计····················174.2.1横向进给系统的设计····························174.2.2横向进给系统的设计计算··························174.2.2.1切削力计算····························184.2.2.2滚珠丝杠设计计算·······················184.2.2.2.1强度计算···························184.2.2.2.2效率计····························184.2.2.2.3刚度验算···························194.2.2.2.4稳定性验算··························194.2.2.3齿轮及转矩有关计算·······················194.2.2.3.1有关齿轮计算·························194.2.2.3.2转动惯量计算························194.2.2.3.3所需转动力矩计算······················20第5章机床导轨改造································21第6章电气系统改造································226.1步进电机的选择································226.1.1步进电机选用的基本原则······················226.1.1.1步矩角α······························226.1.1.2精度·································226.1.1.3转矩·································226.1.1.4启动频率·······························236.1.2C616纵向进给系统步进电机的确定··················236.1.3C616横向进给系统步进电机的确定·················236.2数控装置硬件设计·······························246.2.1数控系统硬件组成····························246.2.2单片机的选择·······························256.2.3存储器的选择·······························256.2.4I/O接口电路······························256.2.5步进电机驱动电路····························266.3数控系统软件设计··································27第7章总结··········································29第8章致谢······································30参考文献············································311C616机床数控系统改造摘要：本文主要是将传统的C616车床的电气控制系统改造成为数字控制的开环控制系统。随着当今工业设备对精密程度的要求越来越高，对机械加工设备的加工精密程度也要求越来越高。而在中国的机械加工设备的车床中，普通车床占了很大比例。这已经越来越制约着当今工业的发展。而数控机床由于价格昂贵，且需要较高技术的加工工人。所以对普通机床进行数控改造具有很大的意义。本文在搜索、查阅和研究大量有关资料的基础上，对机床的数控改造技术进行了研究和分析，描述了机床控制系统的设计。整个改造过程主要对车床机械部分和电气系统进行了改造，从而达到所要求的数控机械性能。关键词：C616车床，数控改造，单片机，步进电机2第一章绪论1.1普通机床数控化改造概述机床的数控改造，就是在普通机床上增加计算机控制装置，使其具有一定的自动化能力，以实现预定的加工工艺目标。它是根据生产实际需要提出，并随着机床行业以及技术的不断进步而发展起来的，它的内容是应用成熟的数控技术和经验，以适应生产的具体要求为目的，对现有机床的局部结构进行改造，并安装上新部件、新装置、新附件，用计算机控制机床工作，提高机床的技术性能指标，使之全部或局部达到数控机床的水平。然而，机床的数控改造不是简单地将传统机床配备上数控系统即可，现代的数控技术，特别是加工中心，无论是其支承部件、主传动系统、进给传动系统、刀具系统、辅助功能等部件结构，还是整体布局、外部造型等都已经发生了很大变化，已经形成了数控机床的独特机械结构。因此，我们在对普通机床进行数控改造的过程中，应在考虑各种情况下，使普通机床的各项性能指标尽可能地与数控机床相接近。1.2数控改造的意义数控机床比传统机床有以下突出的优越性，而且这些优越性均来自数控系统所包含的计算机的威力。1.2.1可以加工出传统机床加工不出来的曲线、曲面等复杂的零件。由于计算机有高超的运算能力，可以瞬时准确地计算出每个坐标轴瞬时应该运动的运动量，因此可以复合成复杂的曲线或曲面。1.2.2可以实现加工的自动化，而且是柔性自动化，从而效率可比传统机床提高3～7倍。由于计算机有记忆和存储能力，可以将输入的程序记住和存储下来，然后按程序规定的顺序自动去执行，从而实现自动化。数控机床只要更换一个程序，就可实现另一工件加工的自动化，从而使单件和小批生产得以自动化，故被称为实现了“柔性自动化”。1.2.3加工零件的精度高，尺寸分散度小，使装配容易，减少修配。1.2.4实现多工序的集中加工，减少零件在机床间的频繁搬运。1.2.5拥有自动报警、自动监控、自动补偿等多种自律功能，因而可实现长时间无人看管加工。因此，机床数控系统改造后降低了工人的劳动强度，节省了劳动力减少3了工件的机床更换次数，缩短了新产品试制周期和生产周期，可对市场需求作出快速反应。1.3数控改造的优点1.3.1减少投资额、交货期短。同购置新机床相比，一般可以节省60％～80％的费用，改造费用低。特别是大型、特殊机床尤其明显。一般大型机床改造，只花新机床购置费用的1/3，交货期短。但有些特殊情况，如高速主轴、托盘自动交换装置的制作与安装过于费工、费钱，往往改造成本提高2～3倍，与购置新机床相比，只能节省投资50％左右。1.3.2机械性能稳定可靠，结构受限。所利用的床身、立柱等基础件都是重而坚固的铸造构件，而不是那种焊接构件，改造后的机床性能高、质量好，可以作为新设备继续使用多年。但是受到原来机械结构的限制，不宜做突破性的改造。1.3.3熟悉了解设备、便于操作维修。购买新设备时，不了解新设备是否能满足其加工要求。改造则不然，可以精确地计算出机床的加工能力；另外，由于多年使用，操作者对机床的特性早已了解，在操作使用和维修方面培训时间短，见效快。改造的机床一安装好，就可以实现全负荷运转。1.3.4可充分利用现有的条件。可以充分利用现有地基，不必像购入新设备时那样需重新构筑地基。1.3.5可以采用最新的控制技术，可根据技术革新的发展速度，及时地提高生产设备的自动化水平和效率，提高设备质量和档次，将旧机床改成当今水平的机床。第2章数控机床的原理及分类2.1数