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Lesson7BeltandChainDrivesTEXTBeltsandchainsrepresentthemajortypesofflexiblepomertransmissionelements,butmotorstypicallyoperateattoohighaspeedanddelivertoolowatorquetobeappropriateforthefinaldriveapplication.Rememberforagivenpowertransmission,thetorqueisincreasedinproportiontotheamoutthatrotationalspeedisreduced.ThehighspeedofthemotormakesbeltdrivessomewhatidealforthatfirststageofreductionAsmallerdrivepulleyisattachedtothemotorshaft,whilealargerdiameterpulleyisattachedtoaparallelshaftthatoperatesatacorrespondinglylowerspeed.Pulleysforbeltdrivesarealsocalledsheaves.Ingeneral,beltdrivesareappliedwheretherotationalspeedsarerelativelyhigh,asonthefirststageofspeedreductionfromanelectricmotororengine.Thelinearspeedofabeltisusually2500ft/minto6500ft/min,whichresultsinrelativelylowtensileforcesinthebelt.Atlowerspeeds,thetensioninthebeltbecomestoolargefortypicalbeltcrosssections,andslippingmayoccurbetweenthesidesofthebeltandthesheaveorpulley.Athigherspeeds,dynamiceffectssuchascentrifugalforces,beltwhip,andvibrationreducetheeffectivenessofthedriveanditslife.Aspeedof4000ft/minisgenerallyrecommended.Somebeltdesignsemployhigh-strength,reinforcingstrands,andsomecoggeddesignsthatengagematchinggroovesinthepulleystoenhancetheirabilitytotransmitthehighforcesatlowspeeds.Thesedesignscompetewithchaindrivesinmanyapplications.1.TypesofBeltDrivesAbeltisaflexiblepowertransmissionelementthatseatsonasetofpulleysorsheaves.Whenthebeltisusedforspeedreduction,thetypicalcase,thesmallersheave第七课带和链传动带和链是主要的柔性传递部件的类型,回转力尽管由电动机供给,然而一般的电动机由于转速过高,传递转矩过低,无法成为最终的驱动装置,记住,对于一个给定的力传递,随着转速的降低,扭矩按比例的增加,高速的电机使带传动成为理想的一级减速机构,一个小的滑轮安装在电机轴上,同时一个更大直径的滑轮安装在另一根平行轴上,这根平行轴以一个相当低的速度运行,带传动的滑轮也加做一个带轮。一般情况下,带传动的应用在转速相对高的地方,比如从电机或是引擎出来的一级减速,带的线性速度,一般是2500英尺/分钟到6500英尺/分钟,这就导致了带上的一个相对低的感应力,速度低的时候,带上的张紧力变得很大,并穿过其截面,并且打滑可能就在带和滑轮或带轮之间,高速的时候,变力比如离心力,带抖动和摩擦减小带传动的影响和带寿命,4000英尺/分钟的速度是理想的,一些带设计着运用高强度以及一些嵌尺设计,在滑轮上生产配合凹槽去增强低速时传递大力的能力,这些设计在很多的应用方面可与链传动媲美。1.带传动的类型带是一种安装在一套滑轮或带轮上的柔性传递的元件,当带用来减速的时候,典型类型就是,小的带轮安装在高速轴上,比如电机轴,大的带轮安装在从动机器上。带安装的时候两带轮的中心距减小,然而两带轮移开,把带安装以一个相当高的张紧力,当带传递力的时候,摩擦力使带抓紧带轮,有一边的力增加,弥补二紧边,带上的张紧力在带轮上出生一个,这样在从动轴上就加上一个扭矩,带的另一边同样收到张力,但是一个较小的值,这样它就被称作“松边”。许多种类的带是常用的,比如平带,凹槽(嵌尺)带,标准V型带,双角V型带及其他种类,如图1.11所示:平带是最简单的类型,通常由皮革或表面加皮的纤维做成,滑轮的表面也是平的和滑的,然而驱动力受到带和滑轮间单一的摩擦力限制,一些设计者喜欢平带作为理想机加工用电,因为当扭矩增加到会毁坏机器的时候带就产生打滑。同步带,有时也叫同步形带(表1.11c所示),带上的尺安装在有相配凹槽的链轮上,这是一个好的传动,仅仅受带的强度和齿面强度的限制。一些嵌尺带如图1.11b所示的,被应用于标准V型,凹槽滑轮,当和标准带相比时,嵌槽给带更柔的性能和高的效率,它们可以在更小直径的带轮上运作。一个广泛应用的带,特别是在工业传动和车轴应用的带,就是V型带传动如图1.11e所示,V型的形状是带更紧的嵌入凹槽,在打滑之前增大摩擦和允许传递高的力矩,大多数的带有高强度,带绳子放置在节圆直径的增加,去增加带上的张紧力,由自然纤维制成,大多数有高强度带绳子放置在节圆直径的增加带截面的拉伸强度带。卡片上,由天然纤维,合成股,或钢,橡胶嵌套在公司提供灵活性需要让传滑轮。外部面轮覆盖常常被添加到给带高耐用性。2.链传动链是由一系列销连接的力传递组件,这种设计提供柔性的同时也使链传递大的张力。当在两旋转轴间传递动力时,链配进齿形轮,称作链轮。表1.12所示为典型链传动。最常见的链传动是滚子链传动,在每根销上的轮子提供一个在链和链轮之间理想的摩擦不同链尺寸的平均张力如图1.2所示,这些抗拉强度的数据可以被用作低速的传动或者应用在链的功能是承受一个张紧力或是负载的地方。通常只有10%的平均张力用在这些应用上,对于力的传递,给定链尺寸的转动,就像旋转速度的能力,必须被定下来。Ismountedonthehigh-speedshaft,suchastheshaftofanelectricmotor.Thelargersheaveismountedonthedrivenmachine.Thebeltisinstalledaroundthetwosheaveswhilethecenterdistancebetweenthemisreduced.Thenthesheavesaremovedapart,placingthebeltinaratherhighinitialtension.Whenthebeltistransmittingpower,frictioncausesthebelttogripthedrivingsheave,increasingthetensionononeside,calledthe“tightside”.Thetensileforceinthebeltexertsatangentialforceonthedrivensheave,andthusatorqueisappliedtothedrivenshaft.Theoppositesideofthebeltisstillundertension,butatasmallervalue.Thus,itiscalledthe“slackside”.Manytypesofbeltsareavailable,suchasflatbelts,groovedorcoggedbeltsstandardV-belts,double-angleV-belts,andothers.SeeFigure1.11forexamples.Theflatbeltisthesimplesttype,thatoftenmadefromleatherorrubber-coatedfabric.Thesheavesurfaceisaisoflatandsmooth,andthedrivingforceisthereforelimitedbythepurefrictionbetweenthebeltandthesheave.Somedesignerspreferflatbeltsfordelicatemachinerybecausethebeltwillslipifthetorquetendstorisetoalevelhighenoughtodamagethemachine.Synchronousbelts,sometimescalledtimingbelts(seeFigure1.11(c)),rideonsprodkethavingmatinggroovesintowhichtheteethonthebeltseat.Thinisapositivedrive,limitedonlybythetensilestrengthoftheshearandtheshearstrengthoftheteeth.Somecogbelts,suchasthatshowninFigure1.11(b),areappliedtostandardV-groovedsheaves.Thecogsgivethebeltgreaterflexibilityandhigherefficiencycomparedwithstandardbelts.Theycanoperateonsmallerdiameterssheaves.Awidelyusedtypeofbelt,particularlyinindustrialdrivesandvehicularapplications,istheV-beltdrive,showninFigure1.11(e).TheV-shapecausesthebelttowedgetightlyintothegroove,increasingfrictionandallowinghightorquestobetransmittedbeforeslippingoccurs.Mostbeltshavehigh-strengthcordspositionedatthepitchdiameterofthebeltcrosssectiontoincreasethetensilestrengthofthebelt.Thecords,madefromnaturalfibers,syntheticstrands,orsteel,areembeddedinafirmrubbercompoundtoprovidetheflexibilityneededtoallowthebelttopassaroundthesheave.Oftenanouterfabriccoverisaddedtogivethebeltgooddurability.2.ChainDrivesAchainisapowertransmissionelementmadeasaseriesofpin-connectedlinks.Thedesignprovidesforflexibilitywhileena
本文标题:专业英语第七课
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