Unit1TheFundamentalsofComputers1.1TheVarietiesofComputers•III.Translating.–1.Original:Primarystorage,ormemory,istheinternalcomputercircuitrythattemporarilyholdsdatawaitingtobeprocessed.Secondarystorage,simplycalledstorage,referstothedevicesandmediathatstoredataorinformationpermanently.–Translation:一级存储,或称内存,是临时保存等待被处理数据的计算机内部电路。而二级存储,简称存储器,是指那些永久性存储数据或信息的设备和介质。–2.Original:Abiologicalnanocomputer,whichwouldbemadeofDNAandcouldfitintoasinglehumancell,woulduseDNAasitssoftwareandenzymesasitshardware;itsmolecular-sizedcircuitswouldbeviewableonlythroughamicroscope.–Translation:由DNA制成并能放置在一个单独的人体细胞中的生物学纳米计算机会利用DNA作为它的软件,酶作为它的硬件;其具有分子大小尺寸的电路将只有通过显微镜才能够看见。1.2TheHistoryofComputers•III.Translating.–1.Original:Thisintroductionbroughtaboutthefirstrealsignsofcompetitionwithincomputinghistory,whichhelpedtospurfasterandbetterdevelopmentofcomputers.–Translation:这一引入带来了计算历史中可谓第一个真正的竞争标志,有助于刺激计算机更快–更好的发展。–2.Original:Whileexpensive,thesemachinesstartedthetrendforcomputerswithincommonhouseholds.–Translation:虽然昂贵,但是这些机器开启了计算机在普通家庭中使用的趋势。Unit2ComputerHardware1.1ComputerMotherboard•III.Translating.–1.Original:A2003studyfoundthatsomespuriouscomputercrashesandgeneralreliabilityissues,rangingfromscreenimagedistortionstoI/Oread/writeerrors,canbeattributednottosoftwareorperipheralhardwarebuttoagingcapacitorsonPCmotherboards.–Translation:2003年的一个研究发现,一些伪劣的计算机损毁和常规可靠性的问题,从屏幕图像失真到输入/输出读写错误,并不是由于软件或外围硬件引起的,而是由于PC机主板上老化的电容器造成的。–2.Original:Atpower-upthecentralprocessorwouldloaditsprogramcounterwiththeaddressofthebootROMandstartexecutingROMinstructionsdisplayingsysteminformationonthescreenandrunningmemorychecks.–Translation:启动之后,中央处理器将加载记录着引导ROM地址的程序计数器,并开始执行ROM指令,此时在屏幕上显示系统信息并运行内存检查。1.2Multi-coreProcessors•III.Translating.–1.Original:Thisallassumeshoweverthatthesoftwarehasbeendesignedtotakeadvantageofavailableparallelism.Ifithasn’t,therewillnotbeanyspeedupatall.–Translation:无论如何,这都要假定软件设计时已经利用了可行的并行性的优势。如果没有这样的设计,则加速根本不可能。–2.Original:ItwouldbepossibleforanapplicationthatusedtwoCPUstoenduprunningfasterononedual-coreifcommunicationbetweentheCPUswasthelimitingfactor,whichwouldcountasmorethan100%improvement.–Translation:如果CPU之间的通信是限制因素,那么对于一个使用两个CPU的应用程序来说,在一台双核计算机上可能会运行得更快,甚至可以认为是大于100%的改进。Unit3ComputerSoftware1.1MicrosoftVisualStudio•III.Translating.–1.Original:MicrosoftVisualStudiocanbeusedtodevelopconsoleandGraphicalUserInterfaceapplicationsalongwithWindowsFormsapplications,Websites,Webapplications,andWebservicesinbothnativecodeaswellasmanagedcodeforallplatformssupportedbyMicrosoftWindows,WindowsMobile,.NETFramework,.NETCompactFrameworkandMicrosoftSilverlight.–Translation:MicrosoftVisualStudio能够使用本机代码和托管代码,为MicrosoftWindows、WindowsMobile、.NETFramework、.NETCompactFramework以及MicrosoftSilverlight所支持的所有平台开发控制台和图形用户界面应用程序,以及Windows窗体应用程序、网站、Web应用程序和Web服务。–2.Original:SupportforotherlanguagessuchasChrome,F#,Python,andRubyamongothershasbeenmadeavailablevialanguageserviceswhicharetobeinstalledseparately.–Translation:对其他语言(如其中的Chrome,F#,Python,Ruby)的支持通过单独安装的语言服务已经可用。1.2GoogleEarth•III.Translating.–1.Original:GoogleEarthmapstheearthbythesuperimpositionofimagesobtainedfromsatelliteimagery,aerialphotographyandGIS3Dglobe.–Translation:GoogleEarth通过从卫星影像、航空摄影和GIS三维地球获得的图像的叠印绘制了地球。–2.Original:Finally,empiricalresearchhasshownthatwhileGoogledoesallowpeopletoopt-outfrompersonallistings,avastmajorityofpeoplecanstillbegeographicallylocatedusingphonenumbers.–Translation:最后,经验性研究显示,尽管Google公司允许人们不再使用个人列表,但使用电话号码仍可在地理上指出绝大多数人的位置。Unit4OperatingSystem1.1WindowsVista•III.Translating.–1.Original:InconjunctionwithSuperFetch,anautomaticbuilt-inWindowsDiskDefragmentermakessurethatthoseapplicationsarestrategicallypositionedontheharddiskwheretheycanbeloadedintomemoryveryquicklywiththeleastamountofphysicalmovementoftheharddisk’sread-writeheads.–Translation:与SuperFetch结合,自动的内置Windows磁盘碎片整理程序可确保那些应用程序被策略性地保存在硬盘上,从而使用最少的硬盘读写头的物理移动量就能够非常快速地将那些应用程序加载到内存中。–2.Original:TheHeapManagerimplementsadditionalfeaturessuchasintegritycheckinginordertoimproverobustnessanddefendagainstbufferoverflowsecurityexploits,althoughthiscomesatthepriceofbreakingbackwardcompatibilitywithsomelegacyapplications.–Translation:堆管理器实现了一些额外的特性,例如为了改进健壮性并免于缓冲区溢出安全漏洞的完整性检查,但是这样做也付出了代价,破坏了对一些遗留应用程序的向后兼容性。1.2Linux•III.Translating.–1.Original:However,giventhatthesoftwarelicensesexplicitlypermitredistribution,thisprovidesabasisforlargerscaleprojectsthatcollectthesoftwareproducedbystand-aloneprojectsandmakeitavailableallatonceintheformofaLinuxdistribution.–Translation:但是,假如软件许可证可明确准许重新销售版本,那么这就为收集由独立项目编写的软件的大规模项目提供了基础,并使得其可以以Linux销售版本的形式立即获得。–2.Original:ThedistinctionbetweentheLinuxkernelanddistributionsbasedonitplustheGNUsystemisasourceofconfusiontomanynewcomers,andthenamingremainscontroversial,asmanylargeLinuxdistributions(e.g.UbuntuandSuSELinux)aresimplyusingtheLinuxname.ratherthanGNU/Linux.Translation:Linux内核与基于它并采用GNU系统的销售版本之间的区别对许多新手来说容易引起混淆,而且命名仍然有争议,因为许多大型的Linux销售版本(例如:Ubuntu和SuSELinux)正在简单地使用Linux的名字,而不是GNU/Linux。Unit5ComputerProgramming1.1Object-OrientedProgramming•III.Translating.–1.Original:Object-oriented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