SpeechSounds.

2PhonologyThephonicmediumoflanguage•Soundsinthenaturalworld•Thephonicmediumoflanguage:meaningful•Speechsounds:individualsounds,nothavingmeaningPhoneticsisknownasthesciencethatstudiesspeechsoundsofallhumanlanguages.Englishphonetics,accordingly,dealswithallsoundsavailableintheEnglishlanguage.SubfieldofPhonetics•articulatoryphonetics•acousticphonetics•auditoryphonetics•Whatarethespeechorgans?Speechorgans•Lungs•supplyingourmostusualsourceofenergyinspeech,theair-streambeingdirectedoutwardsthroughthemouthornose,orboth.•vocalcords•thesearecontainedinthelarynx(ahardcasingwhichmaybefelt–theAdam’sapple)andconsistoftwofoldsofligament(韧带)andelastictissuewhichmaybebroughttogetherorparted;theopeningbetweenthecordsiscalledglottis…Thecordsmayassume(呈现)avarietyofpositions:IPA：国际语音学会由一批欧洲语音学家（保尔•帕西，1859~1940）等为促进语音学研究于1886年成立的组织。1889年该学会发表国际音标表IPA，其经修订和扩充的形式成为当今广泛使用的语音转写系统。Phonetictranscription•由于拼写形式和读音有很大的分歧，人们无法完全根据字母来读音。为弥补此缺陷，于是引入了国际音标。国际音标（旧称万国音符）是国际语音学会（IPA）拟订的一套语音符号。•G.B.Shaw(1856-1950)•O.Jespersen(1860-1943)•DanielJones(1881-1967)BroadandNarrowTranscription•Aspirated不送气•Unaspirated送气送气音（aspirated）限于塞音（stop），同时时清音，因此只有三个：[p][t][k]前提：这三个音位于一个词的起始位置，如task,park,class。所谓送气，就是气流好像“全送走”了，也就是说，属于完全爆破。相比较，这些音位于其它音的后面，如stopped,ask，读时气流相对较弱，气流未全部“送走”，就不是送气音。有的书提到清塞音有三个阶段：成阻、持阻、除阻阶段。那么送气音，包含以上全部阶段，而非送气音，没有最后一个阶段。我们说，某些音失去爆破指的就是这个意思•除送气音所在位置的音，以上音位于其它位置都可说是不送气音。例子太多了•呈互补关系（complementarydistribution）3.ClassificationofEnglishspeechsounds•Howtodistinguishvowelsfromconsonants?••Thesoundsintheproductionofwhichthere’sanobstructionoftheair-streamatsomepointofthevocaltractarecalledconsonants.•Vowels（P.18）ClassificationofEnglishconsonants•按发音方式和发音器官（部位）分Mannerofarticulation•Stops•thearticulatorscomeintocontactwitheachothertoformacompleteclosure•[p][b]•[t][d]•[k][g]•Fricatives••[f][v][s][z][h]•Affricates•Liquids•[l][r][l]•Nasals•Glides•[w][j]voiced•semivowelsPlacesofarticulation•Bilabials•[p][b]•[m]•[w]•Labiodentals•[f][v]Dentals•Alveolar•[t][d]•[s][z]•[n]•[l][r]•palatals•[j]•Velars•[k][g]•Glottals•[h]ChartofConsonantsbilabiallabio-dentaldentalalveolarpalatalvelarglottalStopVLptkVDbdgFricativeVLfshVDvzAffricateVLVDNasalVDmnliquidsVDl,rGlidesVDwjClassificationofEnglishVowels•问题：•元音分类标准和辅音为什么不一样？ClassificationofVowels•Thepositionofthetongue•Theopennessofthemouth•Theshapeoflips•ThelengthofthevowelsThepositionofthetongue•Frontcentralback•舌位图P21Theopennessofthemouth•Closevowel•Semi-closevowel•Semi-openvowel•openvowelTheshapeoflips•Unrounded非圆唇•Rounded圆唇•圆唇元音都是后元音Thelengthofsound•[i][i:]•[u][u:]•Monophthong单元音•Diphthong双元音•Monophthong单元音•Diphthong双元音Phonology（音位学）•Differencesbetweenphonetics&phonology•Phonologyisthestudyofsoundsystems—theinventoryofdistinctivesoundsthatoccurinalanguageandthepatternsintowhichtheyfall.•Phoneticsisconcernedwithallspeechsoundsthatoccurinlanguage.Itstudieshowthosesoundsareproduced,transmittedand•perceived,andhowtheyaredescribedandclassified.•DifferentfromEnglishphonetics,EnglishphonologydoesnotdealwiththeactualproductionofEnglishsounds,butwiththeabstractaspects:thefunctionofsoundsandtheirpatternsofcombination.Discuss:•P.30•Q.7SomeImportantTermsinPhonology•Phoneme•referstosuchmeaning-distinguishingsounds.Inordertodifferentiatethemfromphoneticsounds,phonemesareplacedbetweentwoslantinglines//.•Matthews’definition••Thesmallestdistinctsoundunitinagivenlanguage:[tip]•Technicallyspeaking,aphonemeisdefinedasaminimaldistinctiveunitinthesoundsystemofalanguage.Inotherwords,aphonemeisthesmallestunitthatcannotbefurtherdividedintosmallerpartsatthelevelofsounds.•Weshouldpayattentiontothatwhatdoesnotdistinguishmeaninginonelanguagemayprobablydoinanotherlanguage.(p23)•biepie•鳖瞥DistinctiveFeatures•Phonemesarenotindivisibleunits,butratheraremadeupofasetofsmallercomponents.DistinctiveFeature•Matthews’definition•Referstoaphoneticfeaturewhichdistinguishesonephonemefromanother•E.g.voice•[b][p]inbit,pitThreeKindsofSoundDistribution•Contrastivedistribution•Iftwoormoresoundscanoccurinthesameenvironmentandthesubstitutionofonesoundforanotherbringsaboutachangeofmeaning,theyareincontrastivedistribution.•Forexample,•pin/bin,pin/pen,pin/ping.•Soundsincontrastivedistributionshouldbeassignedtodifferentphonemes.符号•标记•+-表示是否具有某一特征•〔+vocalic〕•〔-vocalic〕•#：双加号用来分隔词与语素，例如telegraph，telegraphic，tele+graph#ic•Ф：表示零，即空位•（）可有可无的符号放在该符号里。•A(B)表示或者A，或者AB。符号•标记•[]1特征[+vocalic]，[-vocalic]2音素•[ph]，3结构成分[学过][英语]•—代表某个符号的位置。以下符号表示A的位置：•—B表示A位于B前•B—•B—C•→表示改写（rewrite）A→BCS→NPVP符号•标记•/…/slashesforphonologicaltranscription•[…]squarebracketsfor•1)phonetictranscription•[tip]•2)features•[+nasal]•(…)parenthesesforoptionalelements•NP→ART+(ADJ)+N符号•标记•/alternativeexpressions:•Comehere/soon/againComplementaryDistribution•Iftwoormoresoundsneverappearinthesameenvironment,thatis,eachsoundonlyappearsintheenvironmentswheretheothersoundneveroccurs,thentheyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.•Forexample,•/p/→[p=]/[s]____•[ph]elsewhere•Toidentifyphonemesinalanguage,weusuallyfollowthreebasicprinciples,whicharecloselyrelatedtothethreetypesofdistribution.•（1）Thesoundsthatareincontrast