Unit11非谓语动词

轻轻家教---您的私人家庭教师-1-Unit11非谓语动词（1）（一）非谓语动词概述：非谓语动词是指由动词变化而成，仍具有动词的性质与意义，但不作谓语动词使用，而具有除谓语外其它语法功能。非谓语动词有动词不定式（theInfinitive）；动名词（theGerund）；现在分词（thePresentParticiple）；过去分词（thePastParticiple）。（二）非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成：非谓语形式构成特征和作用时态和语态否定式复合结构不定式todotobedoingtohavedonetobedonetohavebeendone在非谓语前加notforsb.todosth.具有名词，副词和形容词的作用在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语分词现在分词doinghavingdonebeingdonehavingbeendone具有副词和形容词的作用在句中做定、表、宾补和状语过去分词done动名词doinghavingdonebeingdonehavingbeendonesb’sdoing具有名词的作用在句中做主、宾、定和表语（三）非谓语动词的句法功句子成分非谓语主语表语宾语补语定语状语同位语不定式动名词（极少）现在分词过去分词（四）非谓语动词的结构形式主动形式被动形式动词不定式todotobedone现在分词一般式doingbeingdone现在分词完成式havingdonehavingbeendone过去分词done一、分词的时态和语态轻轻家教---您的私人家庭教师-2-1.分词的时态：①分词一般式表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；或一个动作发生后，另一个动作紧接着发生。分词的一般式常在书面语中用作背景的描写。例如：Walkingdownthestreet,IranintoLily.Hearingthenews,Ijumpedwithjoy.Switchingoffthelights,Iturnedoverandburiedmyheadinthepillow.Livinginthecountry,wehadfewsocialengagements.②分词完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。Havingnoteddownournamesandaddresses,thepolicemandismissedus.Havingpassedmydrivingtest,Iwasabletobuymyfirstcar.Iwasabletobuymyfirstcar,havingpassedmydrivingtest.③分词一般式和完成式均可表示已完成的动作，但在说话人心中，用一般式把2个动作看做是几乎同时发生，用完成式则强调2个动作的先后。例如：Lookingatthedoor,shewentout.Havingstudiedintheuniversityforthreeyears,heknowstheplaceverywell.2）分词的语态：①分词一般式的被动语态强调动作正在进行中。例如：Thehousebeingbuiltwillbeourofficebuilding.Beingsurrounded,therebeltroopswereforcedtosurrender.②分词完成式的被动语态强调先于谓语动词。例如：Havingbeencriticizedbytheteacher,LiMinggaveupsmoking.Nothavingbeeninvited,hefeltveryunhappy.③过去分词也表示被动，但没有强调动作先后的含义。例如：Theconcertgivenbythesymphonyorchestrawasagreatsuccess.Theyareproblemsleftoverbyhistory.Seenfromthehill,thecitylooksmagnificent.Givengoodhealth,Ihopetofinishtheworkthisyear.二、分词的语法作用一）分词作定语1）分词短语作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之后；单个分词作定语时，放在背被修饰的名词之前。例如：Themanstandingatthewindowisourteacher.Pollutedairandwaterareharmfultopeople’shealth.2)现在分词作定语，表示动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生，或表示某个经常的动作或状态。例如：Thegentlemanstandingoverthereisourprincipal.Arollingstonegathersnomoss.(滚石不生苔；转行不聚财)3）分词完成式不能做定语。表示发生在位于动词之前的动作，用定语从句。如果是被动结构，直接用过去分词。例如：Theteachercriticizedthestudentwhohadbrokenthewindow.Thethiefwhotookherbaghasbeenarrested.TheTownHallcompletedinthe1800’swasthemostdistinguishedbuildingatthattime.现在分词和过去分词作前置定语时的区别1）现在分词作前置定语轻轻家教---您的私人家庭教师-3-①表示正在进行的主动动作。例如：therisingsun=thesunthatisrising正在升起的太阳注意下列短语：asleepingchild熟睡的孩子boilingwater沸水afallingstar流行awaitingcrowd等待的人群increasingdemand日益增长的需求lastingpeace永久的和平②表示主动但不正在进行。例如：Heisapromisingstudent.他是一个有前途的学生。注意下列短语：remainingdays剩下的岁月atiringday劳累的一天anembarrassingposition窘境guidingprinciple指导原则neighboringcountry邻国awalkingdictionary活字典2)过去分词作前置定语①表示被动，且又是有已完成的含义。例如：Therisensun=thesunthathasjustrisen初生的太阳Idon’tliketoeatfriedeggs.我不喜欢吃煎蛋。注意下列短语：Boiledwater开（过的）水requiredcourses必修课Furnishedroom有家具的房间awrittenreport书面报告③表示主动，且有完成的含义（仅限于某些不及物动词的过去分词作定语）。例如：Wherearetheescapedprisoners？那些逃犯在哪里？注意下列短语：departedfriends离去的朋友anarrivedvisitor一位来客fallenleaves落叶anescapedprisoner一个逃犯returnedstudents归国留学生fadedflowers凋谢的花retiredworkers退休工人asunkenship一艘沉船④过去分词用在表示情绪的词语中。例如：Hegaveasatisfiedsmile.他给了个满意的微笑注意下列短语：afrightenedglance惊恐的扫视aworriedlook愁容anexcitedscream激动的尖叫声theintendedeffect预期的效果hisembarrassedmanner他尴尬的举止apuzzled/anembarrassedexpression困惑的/尴尬的表情但是：relaxed/relaxingenvironment放松的环境【考题链接】1.Don'tusewords，expressions，orphrases_______onlytopeoplewithspecificknowledge.A.beingknownB.havingbeenknownC.tobeknownD.known轻轻家教---您的私人家庭教师-4-2.Thefirsttextbooks________forteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury.A.havingwrittenB.tobewrittenC.beingwrittenD.written3.Mr.Smith，_______ofthe_________speech，startedtoreadanovel.A.tired；boringB.tiring；boredC.tired；boredD.tiring；boring4.TheOlympicGames，_______in776B.C.，didnotincludewomenplayersuntil1912.A.firstplayingB.tobefirstplayedC.firstplayedD.tobefirstplayingKeys：ABAC二）分词作表语1)现在分词作表语表示主语的性质或特征，常可用very修饰；过去分词作表语表示主语所处的状态。例如：Thenewsisveryinspiring.Youshouldn’ttrytostandupifyouarebadlyhurt.2）下列表示变成、保持、感觉等意义的动词有系动词的特征，可与某些现在分词或过去分词构成主系表结构：Appear,become,come,feel,go,grow,go,lie,look,remain,rest,stay,sit,stand接现在分词：comerunning/hurryingingetgoing/chatting/movinglooktempting/promisingremainstanding/listeningliedyingsitwaitingstandlooking接过去分词：appeardisappointed/amazed/touchedbecomeannoyed/interested/acquaintedcomeuntied/undone/unwrapped/unfastened/unstitchedfeeltroubled/distressed/puzzled/upset/exhaustedgounnoticed/unpunished/uncorrected/undetected/unrecordedgrowused/excited/frightenedlook/seemstartled/concerned/troubledremainunfinished/unconvinced/unsolvedgetabsorbed/caughtliewoundedstayseated/unarmedrestassured【考题链接】1.Thepilotaskedallthepassengersonboardtoremain_______astheplanewasmakingalanding.A.seatB.seatingC.seatedD.tobeseating2.-I'mvery________withmyowncooking.Itlooksniceandsmellsdelicious.轻轻家教---您的私人家庭教师-5--Mm.Itdoeshavea________smell.A.pleasant;pleasedB.pleased;pleasedC.pleasant;pleasantD.pleased;pleasantKeys：CD三）分词作宾语补足语1）接现在分词作宾语补足语的有以下2类动词第一类包括feel,hear,listento,see,watch,lookat,notice,observe等感官动词。例如：Wesawtheteachermakingtheexperiment.Didyounoticethemanleavingt