unit1Exercise(offer).

UnitOneConversionBusinessEnglishTranslation商务英语翻译南阳理工学院外国语学院2教学目标：1.掌握概念：offer,validitytimeofoffer,withdrawalofoffer,revocationofoffer,terminationofoffer,CISG2.了解翻译的定义、标准3.了解商务翻译的范围、步骤以及译者的角色和素养4.了解商务翻译中的文化差异及影响5.掌握英汉翻译中词类转化的概念、方式及技巧OutlineUnit13教学重点与难点：教学重点：英汉互译中的词类转化教学难点：译者的角色和素养；英汉互译中词类转换技巧的运用OutlineUnit14I.DefinitionofanofferAproposalforconcludingacontractaddressedtooneormorespecificpersonsconstitutesanoffer(ifitissufficientlydefiniteandindicatestheintentionoftheofferortobeboundincaseofacceptance.)向一个或一个以上特定的人提出订立合同的建议，如果十分确定并且表明发盘人在得到接受时承受约束的意旨，即构成发盘。Unit1ConversionsbetweenDifferentPartsofSpeechExerciseOneOffer5Theconcept“tobeboundincaseofacceptance”meansthatoncethetradetermsraisedbytheofferorareacceptedbytheofferee,thesalescontractisformed,andtheofferorhasnootherchoicebuttoperformthecontractevenwithouthisconsentorconfirmation.“接受时承受约束”是指一旦发盘人提出的贸易条件被受盘人接受，合同即成立，即使发盘人没有同意和确认，他除了履行合同外别无选择。Unit1ConversionsbetweenDifferentPartsofSpeechReflectionsandPracticeExerciseOneOffer6例1：Article14Anofferisanexpressionofanintenttoenterintoacontractwithanotherperson.Suchexpressionofintentshallcomplywiththefollowing:(1)itscontentsshallbespecificanddefinite;(2)itindicatesthattheofferorwillbeboundbytheexpressionofintentincaseofacceptancebytheofferee.第十四条要约是希望和他人订立合同的意思表示，该意思表示应当符合下列规定：（一）内容具体确定；（二）表明经受要约人承诺，要约人即受该意思表示约束。《中华人民共和国合同法》Unit1ConversionsbetweenDifferentPartsofSpeechReflectionsandPracticeExerciseOneOffer7例2：Incaseofdamageofthegoodsincurredduetothedesignormanufacturedefectsand/orincasethequalityandperformancearenotinconformitywiththeContract,theBuyershallrequestCCIBtomakeasurvey.如货物由于设计或制造上的缺陷而发生损坏或品质和性能与合同规定不符时，买方将委托中国商品检验局进行检验。Unit1ConversionsbetweenDifferentPartsofSpeechReflectionsandPracticeExerciseOneOffer8firmoffervs.non-firmoffer发盘中不能有保留条件如：subjecttoourfinalconfirmationsubjecttogoodsbeingunsold虚盘是发盘人所作的不肯定交易的表示。凡不符合实盘所具备的三个条件的发盘,都是虚盘。虚盘无须详细的内容和具体条件,也不注明有效期，它仅表示交易的意向,不具有法律效力。Unit1ConversionsbetweenDifferentPartsofSpeechReflectionsandPracticeExerciseOneOffer9出现下列一类的词句者,皆为虚盘:-Withoutengagement.不负任何责任.-subjecttopriorsale有权先售/以是否事先售出为准-Allquotationsaresubjecttoourfinalconfirmationunlessotherwisestated.所作报价,除特别注明外,须经我方确认后方能生效.-Ourofferissubjecttoapprovalofexportlicense.出口许可证准许签证,我方报价才有效.Unit1ConversionsbetweenDifferentPartsofSpeechReflectionsandPracticeExerciseOneOffer10Aninvitationforofferisanexpressionofanintenttoinviteotherpartiestomakeoffersthereto.Mailedpricelists,publicnoticesofauctionandtender,prospectusesandcommercialadvertisements,etc.areinvitationsforoffer.Werethecontentsofacommercialadvertisementmeettherequirementsforanoffer,itshallberegardedasanoffer.要约邀请是希望他人向自己发出要约的意思表示。寄送的价目表、拍卖公告、招标公告、招股说明书、商业广告等为要约邀请。商业广告的内容符合要约规定的，视为要约。（《合同法》第15条）Unit1ConversionsbetweenDifferentPartsofSpeechReflectionsandPracticeExerciseOneOffer112.Validitytimeofoffer发盘有效期Withdrawalofoffer撤回发盘Revocationofoffer撤销发盘Terminationofoffer终止发盘Unit1ConversionsbetweenDifferentPartsofSpeechReflectionsandPracticeExerciseOneOffer12例1：Article15(1)Anofferbecomeseffectivewhenitreachestheofferee.(1)发价于送达被发价人时生效。Unit1ConversionsbetweenDifferentPartsofSpeechReflectionsandPracticeExerciseOneOffer13Article15(2)Anoffer,evenifitisirrevocable,maybewithdrawnifthewithdrawalreachestheoffereebeforeoratthesametimeastheoffer.(2)一项发价，即使是不可撤销的，得予撤回，如果撤回通知于发价送达被发价人之前或同时，送达被发价人。我国《合同法》第十七条规定：Anoffermaybewithdrawn.Thewithdrawalnoticeshallreachtheoffereebeforeoratthesametimewhentheofferarrives.“要约可以撤回。撤回要约的通知应当在要约到达受约人之前或者与要约同时到达受要约人。Unit1ConversionsbetweenDifferentPartsofSpeechReflectionsandPracticeExerciseOneOffer14Article16(1)Untilacontractisconcludedanoffermayberevokediftherevocationreachestheoffereebeforehehasdispatchedanacceptance.(1)在未订立合同之前，发价得予撤销，如果撤销通知于被发价人发出接受通知之前送达被发价人。Article17Anoffer,evenifitisirrevocable,isterminatedwhenarejectionreachestheofferor.一项发价，即使是不可撤销的，于拒绝通知送达发价人时终止。Unit1ConversionsbetweenDifferentPartsofSpeechReflectionsandPracticeExerciseOneOffer15注释：英语中状语的位置十分灵活,可以位于句首,句末或句中,根据行文的需要以上下文的连贯性为依据任意摆布。汉语占主导地位的行文方式则是通常将表示时间、假设条件、伴随、方式等状语从句放在句首。Unit1ConversionsbetweenDifferentPartsofSpeechReflectionsandPracticeExerciseOneOffer16ExerciseOneOffer例2：Anofferbecomeseffectivewhenitreachestheofferee.Onthispoint,thelawsinallstatessharethesameview,foranofferisanindicationofseller’sproposal,andtheoffereecanonlydecidewhethertoacceptitornotwhenhereceivesit.Therefore,ifonepartyexpectsorsomehowlearnsthatsomeoneissendinghimanofferbeforehereallyreceivesit,hesendsan“acceptance”totheofferor.Inthiscase,nocontractisformedevenifthecontentofthe“acceptance”coincideswiththeofferhereceiveslater.The“acceptance”isinfactanoffer,andtherefore,nocontractcanbeformedonthisunlesstheotherpartyconfirmsthe“acceptance”.当发盘到达受盘人时即生效。在这一点上，各国法律看法一致。因为，发盘是卖方建议的意思表示，受盘人只能决定收到时是否接受。因此，如果一方在真正收到发盘之前期望或通过某种方式获知有人向其发出发盘，并向发盘人发出接受的通知。在这种情况下，即使“接受”与发盘凑巧一致，合同也不能成立。这种“接受”实际上只是一项发盘，因此，除非另一方确认了这项“接受”，任何合同都不能成立。17ExerciseOneOfferTorevokeanoffermeansthatwhentheofferhasreachedtheofferee,andithasbecomeeffective,theofferoractstorevoketheoffer