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生物化学Chapter8DNAChapter8DNA的生物合成的生物合成BiosythesisBiosythesisofDNAofDNA生物代谢信息代谢能量代谢物质代谢生物代谢Thereforeitmust(1)Replicatefaithfully.(2)Havethecodingcapacitytogenerateproteinsandotherproductsforallcellularfunctions.•“Ageneticmaterialmustcarryouttwojobs:duplicateitselfandcontrolthedevelopmentoftherestofthecellinaspecificway.”•-FrancisCrickDNAistheGeneticMaterialDNAReplicationApril25,1953WatsonandCrick:Ithasnotescapedournoticethatthespecific(base)pairingwehavepostulatedimmediatelysuggestsapossiblecopyingmechanismforthegeneticmaterial.TheDawnofMolecularBiologyThehypothesisofsemiconservativereplicationproposedbyWatsonandCrickin1953.OldstrandNewstrand第一节DNA的复制ReplicationofDNA复制单位(复制子)(replicon):在生物体内能独立行使复制功能,进行独立复制的DNA单位。1.DNA的复制ReplicationofDNAWatsonandCrickarebiologistsandphysicists!(a)Hypothesis1:Semi-conservativereplication(b)Hypothesis2:ConservativereplicationIntermediatemolecule(c)Hypothesis3:DispersivereplicationMODELSOFDNAREPLICATION半保留复制全保留复制分散保留复制1.1DNA的半保留复制SemiconservativereplicationofDNAMatthewMeselsonandFranklinStahl(1958)MeselsonandStahlMatthewMeselsonandFranklinStahlprovedthatthereplicationofDNAfromE.coliwassemiconservativereplicationin1958实验设计思路:1.E.coli能够以NH4+为氮源合成细胞的含氮物质,核酸里的氮原子也将来自NH4+;2.如果使用15N同位素标记的NH4+,那么15N也会进入核酸;3.含15N的核酸将比普通核酸的密度大,可在密度梯度离心中将其分开。1.1DNA的半保留复制SemiconservativereplicationofDNASemi-conservativereplicationofDNAIsotopesofnitrogen(non-radioactive)wereusedinthisexperimentTestingModelsforDNAreplication1.1SemiconservativereplicationofDNA但只涉及DNA复制前和复制后的状态•1963年,Cairns设计了一个更为严谨的实验—放射自显影的方法,进一步证实了DNA的半保留复制;•1957年,Taylor的实验证明,在真核生物中,DNA的复制也是半保留的;(单链标记)(单链标记)(双链标记)1.1SemiconservativereplicationofDNA1.1SemiconservativereplicationofDNA•Doesreplicationbeginatrandomsitesoratuniquesite?•DoesDNAreplicationproceedinonedirectionorbothdirections?•Theoverallchaingrowthoccursin5’→3’,3’→5’,orbothdirections?HowdoesDNAreplicationproceed?ThermodynamicsÆDynamics•WhatenzymestakepartinDNAsynthesis?•Howdoesduplicationofthelonghelicalduplexoccurwithoutthestrandsbecomingtangled?…...•…...…...…...…...HowdoesDNAreplicationproceed?Thesereactionsrequiredsomeenzymes!1967年,Kornberg以α-32P-dCTP参入DNA的情况测定了DNA合成所需的基本反应条件:1.32P-dCTP+酶系统2.32P-dCTP+DNA片断+酶系统3.32P-dCTP+dGTP+DNA片断+酶系统4.32P-dCTP+dGTP+dTTP+DNA片断+酶系统5.32P-dCTP+dGTP+dTTP+dATP+DNA片断+酶系统保温30min后,检测32P-dCTP参入DNA的情况1.2DNA聚合反应的条件实验结果:1.Noaddition2.Few32P-dCMPadded;3.Few32P-dCMPadded;4.Few32P-dCMPadded;5.Muchmany32P-dCMPaddedDNA合成需要的基本条件:•模板DNA;•4种dNTP;•DNA聚合酶系统•3’-OH寡核苷酸引物•Mg2+•实验结果还发现产物DNA与模板DNA的碱基比是一样的;•3’-OHisnecessaryforduplication.1.2DNA聚合反应的条件Nucleotidesaresuccessivelyaddedusingdeoxynucleosidetriphosphosphates(dNTP’s)DNAreplicationInformationreplicationversesChemicalreaction1.32P-dCTP+Enzyme2.32P-dCTP+dGTP+dTTP+dATP+EnzymeSubstrate(S)+Energy+CatalyzerÆProduction(P)Thermodynamics+Dynamics(reactionrate)ÆChemicalReactionChemicalReaction:InformationreplicationDNAsequencewascopiedThereactionwasnotsimilartoChemicalreaction.Therateofthisreactionwasnotcontrolledbytheconcentrationofsubstrate.3.32P-dCTP+dGTP+dTTP+dATP+DNAfraction+EnzymeProteinextractsfromE.coli+TemplateDNAIsnewDNAsynthesized??-dNTPs(substrates)all4atonce-Mg2+(cofactor)-ATP(energysource)-free3’OHend(primer)InvitroassayforDNAsynthesisUsedtheassaytopurifyaDNApolymerizingenzymeDNApolymeraseIArthurKornberg(1957)DNA的方向性:5’3’3’5’DNA合成中的核苷酸连接的方向?DNA的两条链是否是平行的?1.3DNA复制方向与二核苷酸频率分析DNA合成中的核苷酸连接的方向5’3’3’5’1.3DNA复制方向与二核苷酸频率分析DNA合成中的核苷酸连接的方向两个假设:1.一条链是向3’-OH逐个加入5’-核苷酸,另一条链是向5’-OH逐个加入3’-核苷酸;2.两条链的复制都需要5’-核苷酸,但复制的两条链中5’-核苷酸参入的方式不一样:(1)5’-dNTP加入到生长链的3’-OH(2)5’-dNTP的3’-OH加入到生长链的5’-磷酸上5’3’3’5’1.3DNA复制方向与二核苷酸频率分析??•Kornberg采用“二核苷酸频率”(dinucleotidefrequency)或“最邻近频率(nearestneighbourfrequence)”分析证明了DNA的复制方向:1.3DNA复制方向与二核苷酸频率分析ArthurKornbergArthurKornbergwonthe1959NobelPrizeinMedicineforhisdiscoveryofthemechanisminthebiologicalsynthesisofdeoxyribonucleicacid.HediscoveredDNApolymeraseIin1955andcharacterizedtheenzyme.二核苷酸频率:指某一特定的核苷酸在核酸链上与其一侧紧邻的其它核苷酸出现的频率。1.将一种α-32P-dNTP与另三种常dNTP与DNA合成体系保温,合成DNA;2.分离新合成的DNA;3.用小球菌DNase或牛脾磷酸二酯酶水解新合成的DNA,得到3’-dNMP,则原5’-P转移到与它的5’-邻近的3’-dNMP中;4.分析3’-dNMP中被标记的32P1.3DNA复制方向与二核苷酸频率分析Mycobacteriumphilei的二核苷酸频率分析表CpCGpCTpCApCdCTPCpGGpGTpGApGdGTPCpTGpTTpTApTdTTPCpAGpATpAApAdATPCpGpTpAp分离的3’-32P-dNTP及相关的二核苷酸α-32P-dNTP0.3370.3370.1640.162合计CpC0.090GpC0.122TpC0.061ApC0.064dCTPCpG0.139GpG0.090TpG0.063ApG0.045dGTPCpT0.045GpT0.060TpT0.026ApT0.031dTTPCpA0.063GpA0.065TpA0.012ApA0.024dATPCpGpTpAp分离的3’-32P-dNTP及相关的二核苷酸频率α-32P-dNTP在十六种二核苷酸频率中:ApA=TpTGpG=CpC如果两条链是平行的,则会出现:TpA=ApT;GpC=CpG;GpA=CpT;ApG=TpC;而实际结果却是上述各对的二核苷酸频率是不相等的,有较大差距;1.3DNA复制方向与二核苷酸频率分析0.3370.3370.1640.162合计CpC0.090GpC0.122TpC0.061ApC0.064dCTPCpG0.139GpG0.090TpG0.063ApG0.045dGTPCpT0.045GpT0.060TpT0.026ApT0.031dTTPCpA0.063GpA0.065TpA0.012ApA0.024dATPCpGpTpAp分离的3’-32P-dNTP及相关的二核苷酸频率α-32P-dNTP在十六种二核苷酸频率中:ApA=TpTGpG=CpC如果两条链是平行的,则会出现:TpA=ApT;GpC=CpG;GpA=CpT;ApG=TpC而实际结果却是上述各对的二核苷酸频率是不相等的,有较大差距;但存在下述关系:TpC=GpA;TpG=CpA;CpT=ApG;GpT=ApC1.3DNA复制方向与二核苷酸频率分析1.新合成的DNA链与模板链DNA是反向平行的;2.DNA合成过程中是按照模板指令反向逐个加入核苷酸的;3.核苷酸连接时是按照5’-dNTP加入到生长链的3’-OH;∴DNA的生物合成方向是5’→3’实验结果表明:1.3DNA
本文标题:山东大学生物化学精品课程 08-1 DNA replication
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