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Chapter1:OverviewIntroductionTheAdvancedResearchWRF(ARW)modelingsystemhasbeenindevelopmentforthepastfewyears.ThecurrentreleaseisVersion3,availablesinceApril2008.TheARWisdesignedtobeaflexible,state-of-the-artatmosphericsimulationsystemthatisportableandefficientonavailableparallelcomputingplatforms.TheARWissuitableforuseinabroadrangeofapplicationsacrossscalesrangingfrommeterstothousandsofkilometers,including:Idealizedsimulations(e.g.LES,convection,baroclinicwaves)ParameterizationresearchDataassimilationresearchForecastresearchReal-timeNWPCoupled-modelapplicationsTeaching简介AdvancedResearchWRF(ARW)模式系统在过去的数年中得到了发展。最近公布了第三版,从2008年4月开始可供使用。ARW是灵活的,最先进的大气模拟系统,它易移植,并且有效的应用于各种操作系统。ARW适用于从米到成千上万公里尺度的各种天气系统的模拟,它的功能包括:理想化模拟(如,LES,对流,斜压波)参数化研究数据同化研究预报研究实时数值天气预报耦合模式应用教学TheMesoscaleandMicroscaleMeteorologyDivisionofNCARiscurrentlymaintainingandsupportingasubsetoftheoverallWRFcode(Version3)thatincludes:WRFSoftwareFramework(WSF)AdvancedResearchWRF(ARW)dynamicsolver,includingone-way,two-waynestingandmovingnest.TheWRFPreprocessingSystem(WPS)WRFVariationalDataAssimilation(WRF-Var)systemwhichcurrentlysupports3DVARcapabilityNumerousphysicspackagescontributedbyWRFpartnersandtheresearchcommunitySeveralgraphicsprogramsandconversionprogramsforothergraphicstoolsAndthesearethesubjectsofthisdocument.TheWRFmodelingsystemsoftwareisinthepublicdomainandisfreelyavailableforcommunityuse.NCAR的中尺度以及微尺度气象部门最近维护以及支持整个WRF(第三版)的代码的子集,其中包括:WRF软件框架AdvancedResearchWRF(ARW)动力求解方法,包括单向,双向嵌套以及移动嵌套预处理系统WRF多种数据同化系统(WRF-Var),该系统还支持3维同化能力为WRF合作伙伴以及研究论坛提供的数值物理包.一些画图程序和转换适合其他画图工具的程序这也是本文档的主题。WRF模式系统软件现在是公开以及免费使用的。Asshowninthediagram,theWRFModelingSystemconsistsofthesemajorprograms:TheWRFPreprocessingSystem(WPS)WRF-VarARWsolverPost-processing&Visualizationtools如图所示,WRF模式系统包括如下的主要部分:WRF预处理系统WRF参数同化系统ARW求解程序后处理以及可视化工具WPSThisprogramisusedprimarilyforreal-datasimulations.Itsfunctionsinclude1)definingsimulationdomains;2)interpolatingterrestrialdata(suchasterrain,landuse,andsoiltypes)tothesimulationdomain;and3)degribbingandinterpolatingmeteorologicaldatafromanothermodeltothissimulationdomain.Itsmainfeaturesinclude:·GRIB1/2meteorologicaldatafromvariouscentersaroundtheworld·Mapprojectionsfor1)polarstereographic,2)Lambert-Conformal,3)Mercatorand4)latitude-longitude·Nesting·User-interfacestoinputotherstaticdataaswellasmetdata这个程序的主要用于实时数值模拟。其中包括:1)定义模拟区域;2)插值地形数据(如地势,土地类型,以及土壤类型)到模拟区域;3)从其他模式结果中细致网格以及插值气象数据到此模拟区域。它的主要特点包括:GRIB1/2格式全球格点气象数据地图投影有1)极地投影,2)兰伯特-保角投影,3)麦卡托投影以及4)经纬度投影嵌套由用户接口输入其他数据及met数据WRF-VarThisprogramisoptional,butcanbeusedtoingestobservationsintotheinterpolatedanalysescreatedbyWPS.ItcanalsobeusedtoupdateWRFmodel'sinitialconditionwhenWRFmodelisrunincyclingmode.Itsmainfeaturesareasfollows.·Itisbasedonincrementalvariationaldataassimilationtechnique·Conjugategradientmethodisutilizedtominimizedthecostfunctioninanalysiscontrolvariablespace·Analysisisperformedonun-staggeredArakawaA-grid·AnalysisincrementsareinterpolatedtostaggeredArakawaC-gridanditgetsaddedtothebackground(firstguess)togetfinalanalysisatWRF-modelgrid·ConventionalobservationdatainputmaybesuppliedbothinASCIIor“PREPBUFR”formatvia“obsproc”utility·Multipleradardata(reflectivity&radialvelocity)inputissuppliedthroughASCIIformat·Horizontalcomponentofthebackground(firstguess)errorisrepresentedviarecursivefilter(forregional)orpowerspectrum(forglobal).Theverticalcomponentisappliedthroughprojectionsonclimatologicallygeneratedaveragedeigenvectorsanditscorrespondingeigenvalues·Horizontalandverticalbackgrounderrorsarenon-separable.Eacheigenvectorhasitsownhorizontalclimatologicallydeterminedlengthscale·PreconditioningofbackgroundpartofthecostfunctionisdoneviacontrolvariabletransformUdefinedasB=UUT·Itincludes“gen_be”utilitytogeneratetheclimatologicalbackgrounderrorcovarianceestimateviatheNMC-methodorensembleperturbations·AutilityprogramtoupdateWRFboundaryconditionfileafterWRF-Var该程序是可选择的,但可用于将观测数据融入到WPS所产生的插值分析中。它还可以在WRF模式处在循环模式运行时,用于更新WRF模式的初始条件.它的主要特点如下:它是基于增量变分数据同化技术上而产生出来的在分析控制变量空间,用共轭梯度法最小化成本函数非交错的ArakawaA网格分析增量分析插值到ArakawaC网格,以及附加到背景场(第一猜测场)以得到WRF模式格点的最终分析通过使用“obsproc”工具,可以输入ASCII或者“PREPEUFR”格式的常规观测数据复合雷达数据(反射率与雷达速度)以ASCII格式输入背景场(初估计场)的水平分量误差通过递归滤波器(区域范围)或能量谱(全球范围)表现。垂直分量则通过气候学的平均特征向量以及其对应的特征值反映。水平与垂直背景场误差是不可分割的。每个特征向量的都有各自的水平气候学尺度。背景场的预处理函数是通过控制变量转换U,其定义为B=UU^T它包括通过NMC法或整体摄动法,用“gen_be”程序产生气候学背景场误差协方差估计在WRF-Var后,用程序更新WRF的边界条件文件ARWSolverThisisthekeycomponentofthemodelingsystem,whichiscomposedofseveralinitializationprogramsforidealized,andreal-datasimulations,andthenumericalintegrationprogram.Italsoincludesaprogramtodoone-waynesting.ThekeyfeatureoftheWRFmodelincludes:·Fullycompressiblenonhydrostaticequationswithhydrostaticoption·Regionalandglobalapplications·Completecoriolisandcurvatureterms·Two-waynestingwithmultiplenestsandnestlevels·One-waynesting·Movingnests·Mass-basedterrainfollowingcoordinate·Verticalgrid-spacingcanvarywithheight·Map-scalefactorsfortheseprojections:opolarstereographic(conformal)oLambert-conformaloMercator(conformal)oLatitudeandlongitudewhichcanber
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