Globalization全球化.

刘生阳杨若瑾姬志雯吕荣梦陶婉婷1Definition2Historicalstages4Componentsandperformances3Currentsituationofglobalization5SummaryInabroadsense:Globalizationisaconcept,butalsoaphenomenonaboutthedevelopmentofthehumansociety.It'saninexacttermforawildassortmentofchangesinpolitics,bussiness,healthandentertainment.Inanarrowsense:Globalizationisaprocessofinteractionandintegrationamongthepeople,companiesandgovernmentsofdifferentsnations.1DefinitionAboutit'sorigin:Becauseofthedifferentunderstandingstowardstheoriginoftheglobalization,manyscholarstakedifferentopinionsaboutit.Somethinkthattheglobalizationderivesfromtheancienttimesanditcoversthreestages:theancienttimes,themoderntimesandthecontemporaryage.Whiletheothersthingkthattheglobalizationwascloselyrelatedtothedevelopmentofthemoderncapitalism,anditderivesfromtheTheGreatGeographicalDiscovery.Butthemajorityofpeopleclaimethattheglobalizationgraduallycomeintobeingtilltheexitenceofcapitalistindustry,especiallywhenthemonopoliccapitalismcameout.2HistoricalstagesStage1:15C-19C:TheestablishmengtofthewesterncentralityStage2:Fromtheendofthe19ctothebeginningofthe20cThefirstgreatwaveoftheglobalizationStage3:19c20s-1933TheGildedAge(镀金时代）andTheGreatDepressionStage4:Fromthesecondworldwarto1990sSemi-globalizationStage5:1990s-nowThesecondgreatwaveoftheglobalizationStage1Theestablishmengtofthewesterncentrality1492，Columbus'voyagetotheAmericans1498,VascodaGamaarrivedatIndia1519-1522,Magellanfinishedthewholevoyageoftheworld16c-19c,TheEnglandandHollandbegantotakeupmarinetrade(海上贸易)whichledtomanygreatchangestoboththetwonationsandthewholdwrold.Thesignificanceinthisstageliesintheestablishmentofthewesterncentralityandthentheystartedtheirinvasionsinthewholeworld.Imperialism,1914Stage2ThefirstgreatwaveoftheglobalizationTheprevalenceoftheGoldstandard（金本位）centralizedbyEnglandwiththelowesttariff.WhileotherscountriesandAmericantookthepolicyofTariffBarriers(关税壁垒）.Around1880s,theygraduallyreducetheirtariffswhichgreatlybenefitedthetradeamongdifferentnations.Atthesametime,TheeconomiesandpoliticsoftheUnitedStatesdevelopedalotandgreatchangeshadtakenpalce,whichhelpedAmericanbegantotakepalceoftheEngland'position.Keynes'(凯恩斯）descriptiontothe19c'economies:在那个人类经济发展中一段非凡的经历在1914年8月结束了----伦敦居民可以一边倚在床上品尝早餐，一边打电话订购全球的各种产品，他认为买多少合适就买多少，而且可以要求今早送货上门；与此同时，他还可以用同样的办法对世界任何地方的自然资源和新企业进行风险投资，不费辛劳或麻烦，就可以分享未来的成果和好处，或者他根据信息或自己的设想决定把资金委托给某个周大城市里有信誉的人去打理。如果他希望旅行，他可以选择便宜舒适的交通工具，到任何国家或任何地方去，无需办理护照或者其他手续。他可以派仆人到附近银行很便宜的购买贵金属；只要身上带了钱币，他到外国即便不知道当地的宗教，语言或者风俗习惯，游玩也不会成为问题，有时候他也许对某件事感到委屈，也许对几乎畅通无阻感到是否惊讶，最重要的是，他认为所有这些情况都是正常的、应当的和理当长期存在的，此外他还希望情况得到进一步改善，任何偏向都是反常的、可耻的，应当避免的。Thegreatimmigrantsintheendof19cStage3TheGildedAge(镀金时代）andTheGreatDepressionpresidentCoo-Lidge(1923-1929),adoptmasslystandardlizedproductionmode,coveredMaRadioProduction(无线电产品）、refrigerators、cleanersandsoon,whichbroughtasplendidprosperitiescalledCoolidgeProsperity(柯立芝繁荣）Thegapbetweenrichandpoorwaswidened(贫富差距拉大）Thecreditconsumptionwasinflated（信贷消费膨胀）Stockmarketwasexcessivelyspeculated（股票市场投机过度）ThegreatdepressiontheoverchangeoftheglobalizationTheoutbreakofthecrisis:1929.10.24TheNewYorkstockexchangeinthestockmarketcrashed,whichcalled“BlackThursday”Stage4:semi-globalization伦敦11敦123TheBrettonWoodsSystem（布雷顿森林体系）Thethirdtechnologicalrevolution(第三次科技革命）Twoparallelworlds(两个平行世界）TheBrettonWoodsSystem（布雷顿森林体系）Features1、Thedollarisdirecyltlinkedtogetherwithgold.2、Othercountries'currenciesarealllinkedtogetherwithdollar.EventsTheMarshall-aidproject:(providingthesame10.6milliondallarsofgrantsand1.8billioninloanstoEurope)ThesettingupoftheOEEC(OrganizationforEuropeEconomy)ThesettingupoftheEPU（EuropeanPaymentsUnion）战后资本主义世界经济体系三大支柱（currency）（finance）（trade）布雷顿森林体系世界货币体系国际贸易体系贸易体系Thethirdtechnologicalrevolution(第三次科技革命）TheinformationtechnologyThemodernbiotechnology（现代生物工程技术）Theadvancedmaterialtechnology（新材料技术）TheenergytechnologyThespacetechnology（空间技术）Themarinebiotechnology（海洋生物技术）Twoparallelworlds(两个平行世界）ThecoldwarEconomically:1、AmericanadoptedtheMarshallPlan(马歇尔计划）towardsWesternEurope.2、ThecouncilforMutualEconomicAssitance(经济互助委员会）establishedbyTheSovietUnion（苏联）togetherwiththeothereasternEuropeancountries.Politicallyandmilitarily：1、TheNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization（北约）2、TheWarsawTreatyOrganization（华约）Stage5Thesecondgreatwaveoftheglobalization3CurrentsituationThreecomponentsofglobalization:TheeconomicglobalizationThepoliticalglobalizationTheculturalglobalization4Components1EconomicglobalizationWiththedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,theeconomicglobalizationhadbeenbornandnowitisdevelopinginarapidspeed.Theperformancesoftheeconomicglobalization1)Productionglobalization2)Theglobalizationoftrade3)CapitalglobalizationTop10multinationalcompaniesWal-Mart(沃尔玛)ExxonMobil(埃克森美孚)RoyalDutchShell(皇家壳牌石油)BP(英国石油)GeneralMotors(通用汽车)ToyotaMotor(丰田汽车)Chevron(雪佛龙)Daimler-Chrysler(戴姆勒克莱斯勒)ConocoPhillips(康菲)Total(道达尔)2ThepoliticalglobalizationPoliticalglobalizationisevidentinthegrowingimportanceofinternationalorganization.Theseorganizationsaretransnationalandenablestatestotakec