中西翻译简史-Chapter-3

Chapter3Section3TheBuddhismscripturetranslationinTangandSongdynastyLeadin•WiththeBuddhismspreadinginourcountry,theBuddhismscripturetranslationbecomesmoreandmorethriving.•InWeiandJindynasty(魏晋时代),therewereonlytemporarytranslationcenters.(译场)•InSuidynasty(隋代),thetranslationcenterbecamethestandingbody(institution).Forexample,thescripturetranslationinstitutionoccurredinDaxingTemple(大兴寺)andShanglingPark(上林园)•InTangDynasty(朝),therewasagreattranslator,XuanZanginourcountry.Introductionofthegreattranslator,XuanZang（玄奘）•XuanZang：602-664A.D.•Therealname:ChenHui(陈袆)•ThefounderoftheDharmar-Imagesect(法相宗)•TheoriginalmodeloftheJourneytotheWest.•Inhischildhood,helivedintheSukhavatiTempleinLuoyang．(洛阳净土寺)•Attheageof20,hebecameamonk.•In627A.D.,hewenttoIndia(天竺)byhimselftolearntheBuddhism．Intheperiodof17-year,helearnedalotfrommanyfamousBuddhists.Thetemplethathestayedincludesthewell-knownBuddhismlearningcenter,NalandaMonastery,andheevenstudyedtheBuddhismscripturefromthehostofthistemple,theauthorityofIndianBuddhism,MasterJieXian.HeinspectedthewholeSouthAsianSub-Continentonfoot,whichcovered130countrieslikethewesternregionandIndia,etc.Finally,heovercamethoseunimaginableobstaclesandcarriedback657Buddhismclassics(520荚)toChang’an.Only3monthslater,heopenedtheSanskrittextandengagedinthetranslationpersistentlyandattentively.Throughoutover20years,hecompletedthetranslationof75Tripitaka(大藏经)andthetheoryofwork(论功)（1,335卷）•HehadagoodknowledgeofChineseandIndiantextsandbecamethefirstofallinthepeakoftheIndianBuddhism.•TheDaChenscholarsregardedhimastheMahayanaman(“大乘天”)，theGodofMahayana(“大乘的神”)whichwasthehighesthonorinacademicsofbothChinaandIndia,thegreatancientcountries.IntheBuddhismhistoryofourcountry,heisthegreatesttranslator,eventheuniquemodelinChinesetranslationhistory.HemademagnificentcontributionstobothBuddhismandacademics.HetranslatednotonlyaseriesofscripturesoftheMahayanaYujia(大乘瑜伽有宗)butalsothewholeMahaprajna-paramita-sutra(大般若经),theradicalscriptureofMadhyamikaofMahayana(大乘空宗)(计20万颂).HealmostcompletedthetranslationoftheimportantpartsofHinayanaSastra(小乘说).What’smore,hebecametheonlyonewhoattainedtheworkoftheEsotericofPusa(菩萨的秘传之作)whowasararemasterofgeniusinIndianBuddhism.Inthetranslationskill,hedictatedtheSanskritscripturesandtranslatedthemintoChinese,theexpressionaccurateandappropriate,whichwasdifferentfromtheliteraltranslationinthepast.HecreatedanewstageinChineseBuddhismhistory:theBuddhismtranslationbeforehistranslationwascalledoldtranslation,andtheoneafterhistranslationwasnamednewtranslation.Headvocatedpayingattentiontotheoriginalstyleofthetextandmadetherulesoftransliteration,andproposedFiveCategoriesofUntranslatedTerms,whichmadeveryimportantinfluencesonthetranslationoftheBuddhismscripturesandeventheChinesetranslation.TheBuddhismRecordsoftheWesternWorlddictatedbyXuanZanghadtotally12volumesandbecameabookinA.D.646(the20thyearofÈreJōganinTangDynasty).ItrecordedXuanZang’s19-yearjourneyinIndiaandthewesternregionsandnarratedtheconditionsof128countriesandregions,includinganothertencountries,suchasthecapital,territory,geography,history,language,culture,production,customandreligiousbelief,etc.ItdescribedvividlyandsystematicallytheholytraceofcountlessBuddhaandBuddhismtalesliketheBamiyanBuddhaofAfghanistan,thelegendoftheIndianwildgoosepagodaandNalandaMonastery.ItwastranslatedintoEnglish,French,GermanandJapaneseandwasspreadbroadly.ItwasthepreciousmaterialfortheresearchoftheculturalexchangebetweenChinaandtheforeigncountryandthehistoryofBuddhism,transportationandnationality.AndarchaeologistsunearthedalargenumberofculturalrelicsaccordingtothecluesprovidedbytheBuddhismRecordsoftheWesternWorldwrittenbyXuanZangthroughexploringthearchaeologicalsitessuchasthefamousIndianNalandaMonastery,RajgiaandRokuyaonMonastery,whichbecamethegreatmiracleinthearchaeologyhistory.AfterXuanZang,thereweretwofamoustranslators,FaXianandYiJing.In399A.D.,FaXianstartedfromChang'anattheageof65,traveledaroundthenorthernIndia,thelionnation(SriLanka)andāvadvīpa(Indonesia)andcamebacktohiscountryattheageof80,stillengaginginBuddhismTranslation.TheRecordoftheBuddhisticKingdomswrittenbyhimwasanimportanthistoricaldocument.YiJingwhoappearedalittlelaterthanXuanZanggotacrosstheSouthChinaSeatoIndiatolearnBuddhismandtraveledmorethan30countriesinthe25-yearperiod.Afterhecameback,hetranslatedover50Buddhismscriptures,229volumestotally,andwrotetheTransmissionfromtheSouthChinaSeaandtheBuddhistMonkBiographyintheWesternRegionsoftheGreatTangdynasty.ThecharacteristicsoftheBuddhismscripturetranslationinTangandSongdynastiesThetranslationcenterwasrathercompleteinTangdynasty.Butcomparedwiththepast,theprocessofBuddhismscripturetranslationhadobviousdifferencebecausethereligioninterpretationandtranslationprocesswereseparated.Thetranslationcenterwasdownsizedinagreatdeal,andnomorethan36Buddhistsengagedintranslationsincelate6thcenturyA.D.withnoexceptionforthetranslationcenterorganizedbyXuanZang.AccordingtoSungBiographiesofEminentMonks,thestaffofthetranslationcenterincluded:1.译主:thehostofthetranslationcenter2.证义:t