6基因免疫

1.基因免疫的概念和优势。3.基因免疫中目的基因的来源2.疫苗的主要类型免疫接种——免疫学预防MortalitygHighgModerategNoneorlowHIV/AIDSTuberculosisMortalitygHighgModerategNoneorlowMalariaRiskgSignificantgLowgNoneMeaslesNumberofcasesgMorethan100g11-100g1-10g0gNosurveillanceInfluenzagWidespreadgRegionalgLocalgSporadicgNegligibalornosurveillanceDiarrheaDiseasesCholeraCasesgMorethan1,500g1,001-1,500g501-1,000g1-500gNegligibalornosurveillanceEdwardJennerLouisPasteurJennerandPasteurarerecognizedastheimmunologistswhopioneeredvaccination,orinductionofactiveimmunity.脊髓灰质炎Polio狂犬病Rabies风疹RubellaHepatitisAHepatitisB流感Influenza白喉diphtheria天花Smallpoxvirus轮状病毒RotavirusPertussis百日咳Comparisonofmaximumandcurrentmorbidityforvaccine-preventablediseasesDiseaseMaximumcasesYear1992Percentagechange白喉Diphtheria麻疹Measles腮腺炎Mumps百日咳pertussis脊髓灰质炎Polio(paralytic)风疹RubellaCRS破伤风Tetanus乙型流感HeamophilusinfluenzaetypeB乙型肝炎HepatitisB206,939694,134152,209265,26921,26957,68620,0001,56020,00026,6111921194119681934195219691964,6519231984198542,2372,5724,083416011451,41216,12699.9999.7598.3198.4699.9899.7299.9597.1292.9439.40患天花的小儿（Infantwithsmallpox）1979年WHO宣布在全球范围内消灭了天花病毒。Thelastknownpersonintheworldtohavesmallpoxofanykind.Variolaminorin23-year-oldAliMaowMaalin,Merka,SomaliaThelastcaseofnaturalsmallpoxinU.K.occurredinthe1930s;thelastinU.S.A.wasinthe1940s.ThelastnaturalcaseintheworldwasinSomaliaandoccurredinOctober1977.患脊髓灰质炎的儿童（ChildwithpoliosequelaeWHO）WHO宣称将在2003年在全球消灭脊髓灰质炎PolioStatisticsWildpoliovirus1988KnowpoliovirustransmissionPolioStatisticsWildpoliovirus1998KnowpoliovirustransmissionVictimsofpolioWHOThecontrolofanumberofthediseasesthatcausesignificantmortalityandmorbidityhasmakeoutstandingprogress,butthereremainsacryingneedforvaccinesagainstothers.Everyyear,millionsofdeathsthroughouttheworldarecausedbymalaria,tuberculosis,andAIDS,diseasesforwhichtherearenoeffectivevaccines.FortymilliondeathsfromAIDSareaprojectedbytheendofthe1990’s,leavingmorethan9millionorphans.Mycobacteriumtuberculosis.HIVFourPlasmodiumspeciesareresponsibleforhumanmalaria,P.falciparum,P.vivax,P.ovaleandP.malariaeIMMUNIZATIONImmunizationisthemeansofprovidingspecificprotectionagainstmostcommonanddamagingpathogens.ImmunityInnateAcquiredPassiveActiveArtificialNaturalArtificialNaturalModesofimmunizationPassiveImmunityTransferofserumorgamma-globulinsfromanimmunedonortoanon-immuneindividualwithouttheimmunesystembeingchallengedwithanantigenimmunecellsnaturallyartificiallyPassiveImmunity1Naturallyacquiredpassiveimmunity:ImmunityistransferredfrommothertofetusthroughplacentaltransferofIgGorcolostraltransferofIgA.2Artificiallyacquiredpassiveimmunity:Artificiallytransferredbyinjectionwithgamma-globulinsfromotherindividualsorgamma-globulinfromanimmuneanimal.Tetanusantitoxin(Horseserum)HeterologousHomologous**Providingimmediateprotection**Heterologousgamma-globulinsareeffectiveforonlyashortdurationandoftenresultinpathologicalcomplications(serumsickness)andanaphylaxis.**HomologousimmunoglobulinscarrytheriskoftransmittinghepatitisandHIV.TheconditionsNEEDuseofpassiveimmunization:***Deficiencyinsynthesisofantibody***Susceptiblepersonisexposedorlikelytobeexposedtoadisease***Diseaseisalreadypresent(antibodymayameliorateorhelpsuppresstheeffectsoftoxinActiveImmunityProducedbythebodyfollowingexposuretoantigens.naturallyartificiallyActiveImmunityExposuretodifferentpathogensleadstosub-clinicalorclinicalinfectionswhichresultinaprotectiveimmuneresponseagainstthesepathogens.1NaturallyactiveimmunityImmunizationmaybeachievedbyadministeringliveordeadpathogensortheircomponents.2ArtificiallyacquiredactiveimmunityVaccinePreparationcontainingeitherkilledorweakenedlivemicroorganisms,oratoxoid,introducedbymouth,byinjection,orbynasalspraytostimulateproductionofantibodiesagainstaninfectiousagent.Thisconfersimmunitytothatagent,sincetheBlymphocytesremainsensitizedtoitandrespondtolaterinfectionbyproducingmoreantibodies.**Vaccine(essence)areantigenHighimmunogenecityBcellepitopeTcellepitopeBasicrequirementofvaccineAntigen(Ag)ActivationofTcellMemoryTcellActivatedCTLActivationofBcellActivatedBcellantibodyMemoryBcell(1)EfficacyAntigenspecificityStimulatingimmuneresponse(2)Safety(3)PracticalityLowercostanddeliverthemefficientlytoall,especiallyindevelopingcountriesoftheworld.ImmunologicmemoryABdiphtheriavaccineDEAnti-DiphtheriaantibodyDiphtheriaBmcellAnti-DiphtheriaantibodyDiphtheriaBmcellDiphtheria:白喉daysFirstresponsetoantigenDiphtheriaDiphtheriavaccineimmunityDiphtheriaAntigenBimmunityAntibodyconcentrationFirstresponsetoantigenBSecondaryresponsetoantigenDiphtheria多价抗原SurfaceantigenToxicantigen……多价抗原SurfaceantigenToxicantigen……Surfaceantigenvaccine多价抗原Fever,malaiseanddiscomfort.Jointpainsorarthritis(rubella),convulsions,fatal(pertussis),orneurologicaldisorders(influenza).Allergies:viralvaccinesproducedineggs(measles,mumps,influenza,yellowfever).(2)UndesirableeffectofVaccinesApplicationofvaccine(1)PathwaysTable.Approximateratesofadverseeventoccurringwithin48hoursDTPvaccinationEventFrequencyLocalRedness,swelling,pain1in2-3dosesMild/moderatesystemicFever,drowsines