生物燃料的发展现状与前景

28420084ACTAECOLOGICASINICAVol.28,No.4Apr.,2008(DEB20618193):2007212225;:2008203218:(1981),,,,.E2mail:[e-mail]3Correspondingauthor.E2mail:[e-mail]:TheprojectwasfinanciallysupportedbyUSNSF(No.DEB20618193)Receiveddate:2007212225;Accepteddate:2008203218Biography:LIUJin,Ph.D.candidate,mainlyengagedingrasslandlandscapeecologyandsustainabilityscience.E2mail:[e-mail]1,2,1,2,3,3(1.,100093;2.,010021;3.,Tempe,AZ,USA):,3,,,,,,:;;;:100020933(2008)0421339215:Q143:APerspectivesandprospectsofbiofuelsLIUJin1,2,WUJian2Guo1,2,3,31StateKeyLaboratoryofOegetationandEnvironmentalChange,InstituteofBotany,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing100093,China2Sino2USCenterforConservation,Energy,andSustainabilityScience(SUCCESS),InnerMongoliaUniversity,Hohhot010021,China3SchoolofLifeSciencesandGlobalInstituteofSustainability,ArizonaStateUniversity,Tempe,AZ,USAActaEcologicaSinica,2008,28(4):13391353.Abstract:Developingrenewablecleanbiofuelsusingwidelyavailablebioenergycanhelpalleviatetheworseningworldenergycrisisandreversingthetrendofdeterioratingglobalenvironmentcausedprimarilybytheever2increasinguseoffossilfuels.Herewewillreviewthreekindsofconversionroutes,theircorrespondingproducts,andthescaleofbiofuelproductionandapplicationworldwide.Thenwewillanalyzetheprosandconsofbiofuels,anddiscussthechallengesforthedevelopmentofbiofuelsonlargescales.Finally,wewillexaminethecurrentstatusofChinasenergystructure,andexploretheprospectsofdevelopingbiofuelsinChina.Inordertopromotethelongtermgoalofsustainabledevelopment,weproposethatdevelopingbiofuelsshouldnotbeconsideredonlyasawayofgainingenergy,butratheranimportantpartofthediverseandmultifunctionallandscapesandproductionsystems.Inotherwords,thedevelopmentofbiofuelindustrycanbeintegratedwithresourcemanagement,biodiversityconservation,andeconomicdevelopment,whichtogetherprovidethesolutiontosustainabilityinaparticularregion.KeyWords:sustainabledevelopment;biofuel;conversionroute;multifunctionalproduction[1],,50/,200440%,(1),,61.9%,20052642,22.0%[1],[2]12005Fig.1Thedistributionofprovedoilreservesatend2005downloadedfrom=9017890&contentId=7033493.,2007.4.18,,150200,:CHNOxCOCO2SO2H2S:CHNOx2060,SO2NOx,CO2,:10.45%[3],50%[4];,[5]043128[1],,,,(biofuels)RudolfDiesel1892;1908927T[6]1987(sustainabledevelopment),(carbon2neutralfuel)[7],,,,,1(biomass;)(bioenergy),[8],(biomassresources):(municipalsolidwaste,MSW)(sewage)(blackliquor)[8,9],14001800t()[10],(biomasspower),[11],,,[8,12]:,,,;,biomassenergybioenergy:,,biomassenergyresource;,,biomasspower2001,(primaryenergyuse)10.8%[13];13.4%[14][13,15],2%3%,SmeetsQuickscan:,2050(bioenergypotential,)3671548EJa-1[16],biofuel,[2,6],biofuel[2][2],14314::(solidbiofuel)(liquidbiofuel)(gaseousbiofuel)(briquettes)(pellets)(exhaustedolivecake)(woodchips)(hogfuel)(woodlogs)(sawdust)(bark)(strawbales)[17](bioethanol)(biodie2sel),(hydrogen)(methanol)(biobuethanol)(cellulosicethanol)(syntheticbiofuel)[18,19](biogas)(dimethylether,DME)(MJkg-1)(MJMJ-1fuel)(kgCkg-1fuel)(kgCO2MJ-1)(kgCO2MJ-1)5[20](1),,,2.2,3:(physicalconversion)(biochemicalconversion)(thermochemicalconversion)[12][12,2126](2)2.2.1,,,[24],1.11031.4103kg/m3,,,,[27]2.2.2,ABE(acetonebutanolethanol),,(,),[22]ABE,,[26],,;[24]:,,H2,[11],(transesterificationreaction,)(Bayer)1988[28]:,(),,243128(MJkg-1)Processenergycost(MJMJ-1fuel)Carbonratiointhefuel(kgCkg-1fuel)Cemitted(kgCO2MJ-1)comb.prod.&comb.Cmitigated(kgCO2MJ-1)LowsulphurdieselCrude48.60.260.860.0650.0820.000DiselCrude48.60.200.860.0650.0780.000UnleadedgasolineCrude51.60.190.860.0610.0720.000FueloilCrude54.20.190.860.0580.0690.000AnthraciteCoal31.00.100.920.1090.1200.000MethanolNaturalgas22.40.200.510.0830.1000.000EthanolCrude35.00.200.520.0500.0700.000RapeseedoilOilseedrape43.00.290.550.0470.0610.061BiodieselOilseedrape43.70.440.610.0510.0740.074Recycledvegoil0.190.610.0510.0610.061MethanolPyrolysis/wood25.01.000.510.0750.1500.150BioethanolWheat35.00.460.520.0540.0800.080Maize0.290.0700.070/Sugarcane/beet0.500.0820.082Woodchips0.570.0860.086Straw0.570.0860.086CharcoalWood29.01.001.000.1260.2530.253Sims[20]1Source:revisedfromTable1ofSimsetal.[20](),,,[6,29],:,,[12];,,2.2.3:(combusiontechnology)(directliquefactiontechnology)(pyrolysistechnology)(gasificationtechnology),,,;,(60%70%),,,[21]HTU(hydrothermalupgradingprocess)[23],[23]:;,,,[30]34314:([12,2125])Fig.2Threetypesofbiofuelsconversionprocessesandtheirrelevantproductsobtainedbydifferenttechnologyroutes(Drewaccordingtotheliteratures[12,2125]),,[31](15MPa)(250400);[23]HTU443128[23]:,;,[23],,[12,31],,(bio2oil),COH2(fuelgas)(),[