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当前位置:首页 > 中学教育 > 高中教育 > 2017届高三英语(人教版新课标)一轮复习学通语法第八讲名词和主谓一致
第八讲名词和主谓一致(一)名词一、名词的单复数1.单数名词变为复数名词的基本规则(1)以o结尾的名词变为复数时,常在词尾加s,但下列名词要加es,它们是:黑人英雄....在回声..中吃土豆、西红.....柿.,即Negroes,heroes,echoes,potatoes,tomatoes。(2)以f或fe结尾的名词变为复数时,一般f或fe去掉加ves,它们是:为了自己..活命,小偷....和他的妻子..手里拿着刀子..和树叶..站在架子..上,把狼.劈成两半.,即selves,lives,thieves,wives,knives,leaves,shelves,wolves,halves。但下列以f或fe结尾的名词直接加s,它们是:屋顶..上的首领信仰保险箱.......,即roofs,chiefs,beliefs,safes。(3)合成名词变成复数时,通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数,如果没有主体名词,则将最后一部分变为复数。如:sonsinlaw女婿;passersby过路人;storytellers讲故事的人;2.常见单复数同形的名词Chinese中国人;Japanese日本人;sheep绵羊;deer鹿;series系列;means方式;works工厂;fish鱼;fruit水果;crossroads十字路口;其中fish,fruit表示种类时,可加复数词尾,即fishes,fruits。二、抽象名词具体化1.具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时,可以与不定冠词连用,常考到的有:单词抽象名词意义具体化名词意义success成功成功的人或事pleasure乐趣令人高兴的事attraction吸引有吸引力的人或事物beauty美;美丽美丽的人或事物comfort安慰;慰藉令人感到安慰的人或事物danger危险危险的人或因素delight高兴令人高兴的事failure失败失败的人或事物surprise惊奇令人惊奇的事情shock震惊令人震惊的事情pride骄傲令人骄傲的事或人①可数名词前有数词、数量词、some或oneof...等修饰,则该名词应用复数形式;②在指示代词this,that后用单数名词;在these,those后用复数名词。例如time表示“次数”为可数名词,表示“时间”为不可数名词;experience表示“经历”时为可数名词,表示“经验”时为不可数名词;progress,luggage/baggage,advice,weather,information,equipment,furniture等都只能用作不可数名词。三、名词所有格1.名词的所有格表示所属关系,它分’s所有格和of所有格两种形式。2.由and连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况,即表示各自的所有关系时,要分别在并列名词后加’s,表示共同的所有关系时,只在最后一个名词后加’s:3.双重所有格aplayofShakespeare’s莎士比亚的一个戏剧afriendofmywife’s我妻子的一个朋友1.动词变名词的后缀short→shortage不足;短缺efficient→efficiency效率;功效fluent→fluency流利;流畅accurate→accuracy准确性private→privacy隐私;私密free→freedom自由;自主wise→wisdom明智;智慧different→difference差异silent→silence沉默correct→correction改正attract→attraction吸引conclude→conclusion结论;结束decide→decision决定admit→admission接纳;准许入学invite→invitation邀请explain→explanation解释expect→expectation期望mix→mixture混合;混合物depart→departure离开;出发weak→weakness虚弱;弱点kind→kindness仁慈;好意careless→carelessness粗心大意teach→teacher老师announce→announcer播音员conduct→conductor指挥;售票员strong→strength力气;强项warm→warmth温暖;热情disable→disability无能;伤残responsible→responsibility责任punish→punishment惩罚achieve→achievement功绩;成就argue→argument辩论;论据equip→equipment装备;设备honest→honesty诚实difficult→difficulty困难cruel→cruelty残酷;残暴safe→safety安全disable→disability无能;伤残responsible→responsibility责任appear→appearance出现;外貌perform→performance表演;节目exist→existence存在;生存prefer→preference偏爱recover→recovery恢复;痊愈discover→discovery发现honest→honesty诚实difficult→difficulty困难cruel→cruelty残酷;残暴safe→safety安全hear→hearing听力;听觉begin→beginning开始fail→failure失败;没做到press→pressure压力choose→choice选择vary→variety多样化;种类tend→tendency趋向;趋势(二)主谓一致一、意义一致原则1.由连词and连接的并列成分指的是同一概念,兼具身份或匹配出现(不可分割的整体),谓语动词用单数。①ThewriterandteacherSmithhasgonethroughmillionsofupsanddownssincehemovedtoSydney.②Togotobedearlyandtoriseearlyisagoodhabit.2“no/each/every/manya+单数名词+and+no/each/every/manya+单数名词”作主语,谓语动词用单数。Everymanandeverywomanhasagoodreasontobeproudoftheworkdonebytheirfathers.每一个人都有充分的理由为他们的父亲所做的工作感到骄傲。3.非谓语动词作主语,谓语动词用单数。Topreventtheairfrombeingpollutediswhatwe’renowresearching.4.含修饰语的名词作主语的特殊情况。(1)manya/morethanone+单数名词作主语,谓语动词用单数。Morethanonestudenthasbeenadmittedtotheclub.(2)therest,theremaining/part...+主语,谓语动词应根据所表达的单复数意义而定。Thefactoryusedthreefifthsoftherawmaterials,therestofwhichweresavedforotherpurposes.(3)分数、百分数指代或修饰名词时,谓语动词的单复数取决于它们所表示的意义。①About50%ofthelandissuitabletogrowplants.②About80%ofthepeopleinthecityobjecttothepriceofrunningwatergoingup.5.单复数同形的名词作主语的情况。单复数同形的名词,如means,works,sheep,deer,crossroads,series等作主语时,谓语动词的单复数根据具体情况而定。①Eachmeanshasbeentriedtosolvetheproblem,butnoneiseffective.②Therearevariousmeansofcommunicatingwithastranger.6.从句作主语的情况。从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式,但what引导的从句作主语时,谓语动词要根据从句的意义决定。①ThatJackhasgoneabroadmakesusallsurprised.②Whathesaysandactsdonotagree.二、语法一致原则1.主语和谓语通常遵循语法一致的原则,即主语是单数形式,谓语动词用单数形式;主语是复数形式,谓语动词用复数形式。①MrBlackisawellknownexpertonAIDS.②Myfriendshavenointentionofgoingshoppingwithme.2.aquantityof接名词时,谓语动词通常用单数形式。quantitiesof后接复数名词、不可数名词,后面的谓语动词都用复数形式。3.由“kind(form,type,sort,species,portion,series)of”等修饰的主语,其谓语形式常取决于这些词的单复数。Thisnewtypeofbusesisnowonshow.4.主语后跟有with,togetherwith,aswellas,like,but,except,alongwith,ratherthan,including,inadditionto等附属成分时,谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。TheteachertogetherwiththestudentsisdiscussingReadingSkillsthatwasnewlypublishedinAmerica.这个老师正在和学生们一起讨论在美国新出版的《阅读技能》这本书。三、就近一致原则1.由or,nor,either...or,neither...nor,notonly...but(also)连接的并列主语,通常根据就近一致原则,谓语动词的单复数形式要和与它邻近的主语的数保持一致。①Neitherhisparentsnorhehimselfisabankclerk.②NotJackbuthisparentsaretoblameforthehomeaccident.2.therebe句型中,谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。Thereareseveralgrammarmistakesandawrongsentenceinyourcomposition.Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.(2016·兰州市诊断考试)Intherushhour,thereweresomanycarsandbuses(bus)ontheroad,soIwasstuck.2.(2016·江西新余二模)Morethan300coaches(coach)havebeeninvitedtothemeeting.3.(2016·四川部分名校联测)Unfortunately,agreatmanydeer(deer)havebeenkilledinthepastdecade.4.(2016·大连一模)Theytooksomephotos(photo)whentheyvisitedChina.5.(2016·西工大附中一模)Mr.Smith,togetherwithhiswifeanddaughters,is(be)goingtovisitBeijingnextyear.6.(2016·唐山一中仿真模拟)Aneedleandthreadwas_given(give)toher,butshecouldnotsewthebuttonon.7.(2016·聊城二模)Betweenthetworowsoftreesstands(stand)theteachingbuilding.8.(2016·江西九校二模)Thisisbecausetwothirdsoftheearth’ssurfaceis(be)ma
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